The small language models are reflex algorithms.

Researchers are interested in small language models. The reason for that is simple. Large language models include thousands of billions of parameters. Those parameters require lots of computer capacity. And those computers use lots of electricity. Training for the LLM costs billions of dollars in computer and electric bills. And the biggest problem is that the LLM requires a big data center. 

Normal companies have no money or other resources to run the LLM on their own servers  And in the ICT world those tools can cause data security problems. The LLM that runs on the Microsoft or Open AI servers runs on machines. That is under the potential competitor's control. The LLM is a good tool but it requires lots of power. 

If we want to operate robots independently using the LLM. We must be sure. The robot has an internet socket connected to the central computer. In that model, the robot sends orders first to the computer center. There the LLM transforms those orders into actions for the robot. That system is useless if something disturbs it. 

The robot cannot keep the connection in electromagnetic fields. Robots are planned to be used in high-risk environments like nuclear accidents and military work. The remote control is easy to jam, and that's why researchers in military and civil fields search for systems that can be compact and locally operated. 

One of the problems with LLM is this. Those systems search data from the entire internet. That makes them good tools for making things like doctoral theses. But if the AI-controlled robot uses that model it requires lots of energy and those things are slow. 

The robot requires the reflex algorithm. The RISC systems have a limited number of databases. That makes them compact and effective. The RISC system called the small language model, SLM is the tool that can make robots safer. And allows them to operate independently. 

Those reflex command bases can involve responses to things like: "Would you step away from the door". In the same way, the jet fighter cannot ask for advice from the computer centers if it sees an incoming missile. 

The robot must not make contact with the computer center. Every time, when it must react to some everyday things. When a robot hears something it must realize that it must not react to everything 

So, if we want to create an AI that can operate in a complicated environment we must modify the LLMs and create a lightweight version. The lightweight LLM or small language model SLM has only a couple of million or even less than a million algorithms. Sometimes those SLMs called RISC-language models. RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) systems are like pocket calculators. They might be more limited than large systems. But they are fast-reacting and they do their job very fast. 

Those lightweight language models can run on regular servers. They react very fast because they have only limited action libraries. The small language model can be installed on the aircraft's computer. And it can act as an assistant for the pilot. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-do-researchers-care-about-small-language-models-20250310/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer

Time travels backward in time crystals.

"A novel discovery has introduced “time crystals” and “time quasicrystals,” which operate on perpetual motion and could potentially transform quantum computing and precision measurements. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Bend Time Inside a Diamond, Creating a Brand-New Phase of Matter)

Time crystals are material with four dimensions. That means those wobbling quantum materials have dimensions in space and time. Time crystals can store data. And then they don't need outside energy to store that information. The ability to store data without outside energy makes it possible to create things that store data in the quantum computer. Theoretically, the quantum computer can store data by trapping photons in the quantum crystals. 

Then the time crystal traps photons. Their quantum system will store data and then deliver that data sometimes later. The time crystal is also a tool that can make the quantum sensors possible. The thing that makes time crystals interesting is this. Those things can recycle energy. And that makes time crystals the quantum perpetual motion machine. The perpetual motion machine requires that the machine can recycle energy inside it. That is impossible in regular material. 

But in time crystal. A structure can recycle energy.

And that allows the outside energy can raise its energy level to an enormous level. 

The time crystal is the thing. That makes one very interesting thing possible. That thing can make time travel backward in the time crystal. That can happen if the system transfers energy to photons that are locked inside it. If the photon is the ring-shaped energy field that rotates with a very high speed that outside energy can turn the photon into the Kugelblitz black hole. 

The idea is that the photon must move all the time and that it gets as much energy as it delivers. If a photon stops it delivers all energy. That it has. And turn into wave movement. The photon can move ahead or it can turn the wheel-shaped structure that rotates around its axle, like a wheel. 

The time crystal can make the situation that the spin of those particles turns time travels backward in the time crystal. That requires very high speed in those subatomic and sub-structural particle's spin. But it's possible. Some energy bridges form the Tipler cylinder. The idea is that the energy bridge and the particle in this bridge can together form a situation where that particle can jump into the fourth dimension. 

Where the time really travels backward. That can happen in the quarks or channels that connect quarks together. 

Or the particle that is trapped in that tunnel falls to the future. If that particle is the quark of some neutron or proton that quark can transfer information from the future to the past. In that model. The fourth dimension is connected with the particle that turns into a black hole. Time dilation means that the energy level in the object is rising. The time crystal can create that kind of situation at the quantum level. 

The speed and gravity both make that time dilation. That means a particle harnesses energy from its environment. Energy drops a particle to the future if we compare it with a particle. That is in a static position. That allows it to make the 4D optics that can theoretically bring information from the future. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-bend-time-inside-a-diamond-creating-a-brand-new-phase-of-matter/

Do we live in black hole?

The idea of the universe in the black hole formed from theory that materia and energy that black hole pulls inside it can reorder. The black hole very fast spinning object. Time dilation inside that monster makes theoretically possible that information can reorder after it falls inside it. Can that happen? That depends on the entropy. If entropy doesn't mix that information it can take similar shape that it had before it fell into the black hole. 

Somebody says that we live in supermassive black hole. The thing is that the JWST-telescope data sparks that theory. In some models the supermassive and even smaller black holes can involve other universes. And in the most interesting theory is that we and our universe are in black hole ourselves. That is one version of the multiverse theory. Black holes are interesting things. 

They can involve many things that are not exist in our universe. And one of those things is the small black hole. But then. We must realize that our universe is big because we live in it. The black hole is at least 4D object. 

That means if we would live in the universe in the black hole we would see that universe as very large formation. The only thing that we can be sure is this: black holes are 4D objects and that is one of the reasons for why we cannot see black holes themselves. We can see their event horizons. There is a model about the energy that can escape from black hole. The idea is that there are particles that event horizon trapped in the distance from the black hole's core that can be the singularity.

Then there can be the superposition between those particles and things near the black hole's core. That thing makes possible that energy can travel from the black hole's core where energy level is much higher to those trapped particles. And that can explain the gravity field. The particles or quantum points in the black hole's core transmit energy to those particles. 

That causes that field between those particle-pair quantum entanglement travel into the black hole's core. And that thing acts like the U-shaped tube that transmits information from the event horizon to the black hole's center and then back to the event horizons. That makes energy acting like thermal pump that turns the black hole's gravity field into very high level. 

https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/newsmanchester/unexpected-nasa-discovery-hints-we-could-be-living-in-a-black-hole/ar-AA1B9czV?ocid=BingNewsSerp

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/50282/20240521/live-black-hole-heres-what-experts.htm

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/james-webb-space-telescope/is-our-universe-trapped-inside-a-black-hole-this-james-webb-space-telescope-discovery-might-blow-your-mind

Neutron stars are connected with fast radio bursts FRBs.

"A McGill-led study confirmed that some FRBs originate from neutron stars, based on the polarization and behavior of a detected signal. An MIT-led study further supported this by identifying “twinkling,” indicating a compact emission source. These findings strengthen the case that neutron stars generate FRBs, challenging previous theoretical models. Credit: SciTechDaily.com"(ScitechDaily, Fast Radio Bursts Explained? Scientists Zero In on Their Mysterious Origins)

In some cases. It's possible. The star sends material to the neutron star. Sends very much ions or anions. In that case, the ions will go to the S-pole of the neutron star. Anions will travel to the N-pole.  If a star sends only ions or anions that causes an effect that those particles start to push neutron star from its poles. If that material travels only to the for example N-pole. That can turn neutron stars around. And maybe that thing is behind the fast radio burst, FRB. 

The FRB source is connected to neutron stars. There is a thing called polarization, which means the neutron star filters other than a couple of frequencies from the radio signals. But that is only one explanation about the fast radio burst, the FRB source. There are models that the FRB forms when plasma rings around neutron stars or black holes impact each other. If those plasma rings rotate in opposite directions that can cause a situation. 

The plasma at that point sends very high energy radiation that can be X- or gamma-ray bursts (XRB, GRB). But why not the FRB? Maybe that plasma will impact with a star that orbits the neutron star. That can cause a very high-level energy burst. And that can explain the FRB. 

But the more probable explanation is that the neutron star turns upside down. In that case its jet impacts with its plasma ring and the star that orbits the neutron star. That explains why that phenomenon is so hard to predict. 

There is also one interesting possibility that can cause the FRB. It's possible. That sometimes neutron star turns upside down. In that case, the jet of the neutron star will impact with its disk and the star that orbits the neutron star. When the jet impacts the star. It raises its energy production to a very high level. Then the star sends plasma impulse to the neutron star's magnetic field. 

That magnetic field acts like a gravity lens and focuses radio waves and plasma into one point. And that can explain why the FRB is so powerful. When a radio wave travels through that point it transfers lots of energy into the radio waves. And maybe that explains the power and unpredictable nature of that mysterious high-energy phenomenon. 

https://scitechdaily.com/fast-radio-bursts-explained-scientists-zero-in-on-their-mysterious-origins/

There is the possibility that gravity is energy flow between two particles or dimensions.

This model can explain why gravity is so special.  

The thing is that we cannot model 4D structures into even a 3D universe. Modeling the 3D universe into the 2D lattice is also impossible. So we must make clumsy models to model the 4D spacetime. The four-dimensional particle means. That the particle has height, width and length, but also the dimension in time. And that makes it impossible to make a realistic model of 4D particles that fit into 3D space-time. The thing is that the dimension is energy level, and the lower dimension is always larger than the higher dimension. 

In that model upward of the structure is the 4th dimension. The lower structure is the 2nd dimension.  And space between those layers is the 3rd dimension. 

If a black hole is the channel between the fourth and second dimension that will not make the wormhole impossible. That requires that the structure can make a horizontal gravitational tornado. 

The particle cannot get energy from emptiness. It takes it from its environment. So when a particle ties energy from its environment its spin turns faster. When a particle ties energy from around it outside energy travels to fill that hole. And those energy fields transport particles with them. This is the thing that forms the regular gravity field. 

When a particle spins faster and faster. It ties more and more energy. Finally that energy throws particles out from the 3D universe into the 4th dimension. That thing forms a channel between the second and fourth dimensions. The energy travels through the third dimension. That energy keeps the channel open and the breaks in that energy flow make 3D quantum fields travel between those breaks. And the energy that falls in that tunnel takes energy from the 3D universe with it. 

There is one gravity model that requires an introduction. In that model. The gravity fields form between two particles. Or two dimensions. In the most extreme versions, the difference between those particles is very high. There are particles in the highest possible energy level. And another particle in the lowest possible energy level. 

It's possible that all gravity fields are not similar to black holes' gravity fields. There is the possibility that fast-rotating particles in the regular gravity centers just bend energy from around them into themselves. The fast-rotating subatomic particles pull energy into them, and then the outside field will try to fill that hole. So when rotating particles tie energy into themselves energy that tries to fill that hole pulls particles and other things with it. 

"The 4D equivalent of a cube is known as a tesseract, seen rotating here in four-dimensional space, yet projected into two dimensions for display." (Wikipedia, Four-dimensional space)

Black holes are so extreme. That it is possible. 

That their ultimate gravity field forms. In this case, energy travels from the fourth dimension straight to the second dimension and pulls fields with it. 

That thing requires the existence of the fourth dimension. But if the fourth and second dimensions exist that model explains the power of the black hole gravity. 

The black hole is the thing that combines the fourth, third, and second dimensions. This thing makes it possible for energy to flow straight from the fourth dimension to the second dimension. And that makes the extreme gravity field of a black hole. We live in the third dimension. Here all particles have height, width, and length. The fourth dimension is the energy level where particles lose their ability to interact with 3D material.

The second dimension is so low energy level that all particles are flat. The reason why we cannot see the 2D material is that energy flows to those particles. And they resend it to their sides. In 4D particles, the energy level of those particles is so high that it cannot interact with 3D particles. Those particles have one dimension more than 3D particles. That dimension is in time. All dimensions lose their energy and finally, they reach the minimum energy level that is the 2nd dimension and 2D material. 

When energy starts to flow between those particles or dimensions. It forms an energy pothole that pulls energy or superstrings from the highest possible energy level straight into the lowest possible energy level. The idea is that the energy flow travels in that channel and takes other energy fields with it. This makes the system act like a thermal pump. When energy travels between those superstrings or energy fields those things take the energy field with them.

The energy that travels in that tunnel acts like a strick that pushes papers in some hole. The stick is energy that travels in this tunnel. When we think about the form of radiation none of the particles will send radiation without stopping. There is always a small break because the energy level in a particle must turn higher than its environment. 

All radiation impulses have breaks. And that's why laser rays act like thermal pumps if they travel through space. There are small breaks that cut those laser rays. During those breaks, the energy fields can travel between those beams. And then. Laser beam transports energy out of space. Same way energy that travels between the fourth and second dimensions can transport fields with it. That field carries all other things with it. 

The idea is that this energy travels straight from the fourth dimension to the second dimension. This kind of energy flow can cause extremely powerful gravitational force. When the black hole forms in a supernova explosion the energy hill in the middle of the energy pool rises to a very high level. That makes it possible to interact with the fourth dimension. So that energy hill just pulls that radiation and particles to the third dimension. 

When that supernova remnant expands. There is zero energy channel in the middle of that structure. There the energy falls through that channel. That channel transports energy to the second dimension where all particles have length and width but not height. That lower energy space allows that energy can travel to the sides out from that channel. The idea in the dimensions is that the lower dimension or lower energy dimension is always larger than the higher dimension. That thing means that there is always space in the lower energy dimension there energy can go. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

Can dark matter annihilate in the middle of the Milky Way?

"Strange signals from the Milky Way’s core suggest dark matter is annihilating itself in a cosmic collision. Scientists believe these energy bursts could be the missing clue in the search for one of the universe’s greatest mysteries. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter May Be Annihilating Itself at the Heart of the Milky Way)

"A strange energy source at the center of the Milky Way may be a new type of dark matter.

Scientists found that hydrogen gas there is ionized in an unexpected way, which cosmic rays can’t explain. Instead, they propose that lightweight dark matter particles are colliding and producing charged particles. This could reshape how we think about dark matter and its role in the universe." (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter May Be Annihilating Itself at the Heart of the Milky Way)

There are theories about weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, or axions. Those theoretical particles should form dark matter. If dark matter has a material form. The new model explains that the extremely high energy levels in the center of galaxies form when WIMPs or axons annihilate with each other. 

This model means that the hypothetical dark matter particles have their mirror particles. Those mirror particles annihilate with WIMP/axions. The particle-antiparticle pairs annihilate or turn into energy when they touch each other. So the antimatter annihilation in the dark matter can explain dark energy. There is the possibility that WIMPs and axions are different particles. 

There is a theory that dark matter forms two types of particles. 

1) Hot dark matter, or high energy dark matter. 

2) Cold dark matter, or low energy dark matter. 

In some models WIMP is simply a so-called quantum-size black hole. There is the possibility that the particle can turn into a singularity. And if energy flow travels over it that can cause a situation in which energy locks a black hole into energy pocket. And that energy pocket denies that black holes turn into energy. In that model those things put small energy strings to move. And that makes dark matter or unknown gravity effect and dark energy. 

It's possible. Hot dark matter particles are so small that we cannot see the radiation that they send. So the low-energy dark matter particles can have so soft form or their quantum field structure is not coherent. That means those particles can let wave movement go through them. Or those particles are so slight that quantum fields around them just rotate over them without any interaction. 

But then we can go to the interesting model of dimensions. The fourth dimension can explain hot dark matter and tachyons. When, a hypothetical tachyon particle travels with a speed, higher than the speed of light. 

That particle will not interact with other particles. When the interaction starts the tachyon loses its energy and turns into photons. 

Or the photon's ring-shaped structure gives a tip: maybe the photon is like the ring that forms when aircraft cross the speed of light. A similar ring forms when something releases its energy. And that "something" can be the tachyon that decreases its speed. 

It's possible. That the photon is the remnant of the shockwave that some other particle leaves behind it. When tachyon slows its speed it can transform into a photon, Higgs boson, or neutrino. So we must find the neutrino that comes from nowhere. And that makes sterile neutrinos important. Sterile neutrino means that the neutrino does not travel through space. 

Areas in the center of the galaxy. Are at a very high energy level. When we think that the dimension is like a room. The difference between energy levels must fit within certain limits. If the energy level difference between two particles is too high, they cannot exchange information. 

The roof is the energy level where the particle loses its ability to interact with other particles in the third dimension. So the center of the galaxy is like an energy tower. That top can interact with the tachyon. The energy hill or energy mountain can pull energy off the bottom of the tachyon. 

In this model, the low energy or cold dark matter can be particles that rise from the second dimension. That dimension is particles that have length and width but not height. When those low-energy level particles arrive at the center of the galaxy that high-energy area starts to push energy to them. 

The problem with 2D particles is that they can transmit energy from them to other 2D particles. So mainly energy travels out of the edge of the particle. And that makes the interaction between those 2D particles and "regular" 3D particles very weak. 

The sombrero model of the energy interaction between particles and black holes can explain 4 th. dimension. 

The thing that could make this model "real" could be the model where the energy hill around the black hole is like a volcano. In that model, there is the low- or zero-energy tunnel through the energy hill or the energy ditch around a very high energy level energy hill will pull particles out from the fourth dimension. 

Then that particle travels straight through that channel to the second dimension where it loses all its energy. That energy hill is so high that it touches the fourth dimension. When it pulls energy out from some point of it. That causes the effect that the particle falls through the 3rd dimension and then leaves into the base energy level. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-may-be-annihilating-itself-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

 

Io and Europa are the most interesting Galilean moons.

"An artist’s concept shows the internal structure of Jupiter’s moon Io. Data from NASA’s Juno spacecraft suggests that Io does not have a shallow global magma ocean and is consistent with a mostly solid mantle (represented by green hues), with substantial melt (yellows and oranges), overlying a liquid core (red/black). Credit: NASA/Caltech-JPL/SwRI, edited." (ScitechDaily, Juno’s Shocking Discovery: Io’s Interior Isn’t What We Expected)

It is not what astronomers thought. There is no solid magma structure on that moon. The tidal forces form magma pockets inside that moon. And that makes Io interesting. It is known for its volcanic activity. And those findings tell that the planet must not have a common magma layer for volcanism. And that means also old planets can have volcanic activity. At least if they have a massive moon that moves particles inside them. 

"Cutaway illustration of Europa’s icy crust, subsurface ocean and possible vents that transport material to the surface. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, We Asked a NASA Expert: Is There Potential for Life on Europa? [Video])

"Is there potential for life on Europa? This icy moon of Jupiter has a massive ocean hidden beneath its icy crust — one that might have the right ingredients for life. Currently en route, our upcoming Europa Clipper mission will explore this mysterious world, searching for clues about its potential habitability. Watch as a NASA scientist explains more. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, We Asked a NASA Expert: Is There Potential for Life on Europa? [Video])

The Io is quite a large moon. It's smaller than our moon and gravity on its surface is lower than the moon. The lightweight composition of Io makes it possible for Jupiter's tidal forces to move things inside it. So the tidal forces can also create friction that forms the magma pockets under that moon's surface. The lightweight form of Io means that particles have space to move inside it. 

Same way Europa moon can keep its undersurface ocean liquid. The icy shell protects water that the tidal waves keep always in move. The magnetic particles in that water create a magnetic field that keeps water molecules in one form because it protects Europa from the cosmic rays. The Europa may be a harbor for lifeforms. The moon is very light and it's possible that there are some primitive organisms. The Europa clipper spacecraft can give an answer to that question. 

https://scitechdaily.com/we-asked-a-nasa-expert-is-there-potential-for-life-on-europa-video/

https://scitechdaily.com/junos-shocking-discovery-ios-interior-isnt-what-we-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

There are two astrobiological models about lifeforms that can survive there. 

In some models, there can be some lifeforms that get their oxygen from electrolysis. Those organisms can have electric organs that can break water molecules by electricity that can be like electric eel's electric cells. 

There is also a model of the silicone-based lifeform. That kind of lifeform can be the silicone cell that is controlled by the DNA. Those organisms could be moon or planet-sized things that can be far from the organisms that we know on Earth. They can be far slower than organisms on Earth. The thing why I mentioned those things as organisms is that they are DNA-controlled structures that can send the silicone bites that carry their DNA even to space.