Researchers think that maybe dark matter is not only one thing.

“Dark matter continues to challenge our understanding of the universe, especially as new observations reveal behaviors that defy traditional models. A recent study proposes that dark matter may consist of multiple interacting components, offering a unified way to explain both diffuse and highly concentrated structures seen across galaxies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Mystery Deepens: Astrophysicists Say Dark Matter May Not Be One Thing)

Dark matter means an unknown gravitational effect. This phenomenon is one of the most fascinating aspects of the universe. There is a possibility that dark matter is not a single entity. It might be many things that we see as dark matter. In some models, dark matter doesn’t even exist. That means that dark matter could be ordinary material that behaves differently than reseachers calculated. First thing. What we must realize is that. There are lots of things in the universe that we don’t know. Matter outside galaxies. It has a lower energy level than galaxies. 

This means that the material is very hard to observe. Galaxies cover that matter under their brightness. When particles spin, they release energy from their equator. That forms an energy hole to the particle’s spin axis. And that energy hole pulls energy to the particle. This causes an interesting idea: could the dark matter be a particle? That has spin 1? If that kind of particle exists, it can be invisible. 

The spin of most particles is 1/2. This means that the particle wobbles back and forth. It changes its direction after each 1/2 round. This means that the same particle binds and releases energy. So, could that process be the thing? Behind the dark matter?

So when a particle changes its direction. It sends a photon. The particle must stop before it changes its direction. And at that point, it releases that energy quantum. This means that the particle will form a WARP bubble-shaped quantum low-pressure shape around it. And maybe that bubble can cause a situation. A particle. Like a quark or an electron can turn its spin into one. 

This means that the particle can spin a full round around it. This requires an extreme. Big step between energy levels. When a particle travels over an energy step, which separates. A high-energy area. The extremely low-energy areas can make it possible. For the particle to form a bubble. That allows it to spin a full round around its axle, which could make it invisible. 

“Projected dark matter density distribution and the induced strong lensing critical curves in a two-component self-interacting dark matter model. Credit: Science China Press (ScitechDaily, Mystery Deepens: Astrophysicists Say Dark Matter May Not Be One Thing)

Things like cosmic voids can cause this kind of virtual gravitational effect. When things. Like cosmic voids are forming, outside quantum fields are starting to fill them. This means the cosmic void can cause a virtual gravitational effect. In the same way, when particles are escaping from the galaxies, they will enter the very low-energy area. 

The material evaporation is stronger or faster than in higher energy areas. This means that material sends energy. But the evaporation also binds energy. And maybe energy that travels faster. The particles that evaporate in galaxies can be one thing. That makes the effect that we see as dark matter. When material evaporates or turns into wave movement, it sends photons. 

During that process. These forms. A bubble or quantum low-pressure region around that particle. This means that we see the effect that this void forms stronger than the particle's gravitational field. So. Those small nanovoids could be one source for an effect called dark matter. We must also remember. That also includes. Other particles than protons and electrons that evaporate. Things like quarks and also bosons are evaporating. And that thing binds energy. 

That causes high-speed evaporation. This evaporation form. The bubble is quite similar to the WARP-bubble. When that kind of bubble forms energy, or a quantum field tries to fill it. When the universe expands. That thing. Means that the quantum fields around that bubble turn weaker. But that expansion also pulls. That expansion can form a situation. The bubble’s or void’s size expands all the time. But quantum fields cannot fill it. The antimatter annihilation will cause quantum fields to move. And that means those explosions can also cause an effect. That seems like gravitation. The thing is that. There are many things. That can form the effect. That we see as dark matter. Dark matter means a gravitational effect. That is the second  of two dominant things in the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mystery-deepens-astrophysicists-say-dark-matter-may-not-be-one-thing/

Gamma Cassiopeiae could give a model for reseachers how to create X-rays and Gamma-rays without antimatter.

"Gamma Cas consists of a Be-type star surrounded by a disk of material; some of this material flows toward the companion; a second disk forms around the companion, and the material eventually flows toward the poles, where it emits X-rays (green arrows). Some of these X-rays are reflected by the surface of the white dwarf (purple arrows). Credit: University of Liège / Y.Nazé" (ScitechDaily, A Bright Star Hid a Massive Secret for 50 Years: Mystery of Gamma Cassiopeiae Finally Solved)

Gamma Cassiopeiae is a bright B-spectral class star. Astronomers found a hidden companion. The small white dwarf near that star. This means the Gamma Cassiopeiae is a binary star. And the thing that makes it interesting is the small white dwarf that orbits the center star and pulls matter from that star.  

The massive star in the Gamma Cassiopeiae system is the source of the X-ray bursts from that star. The magnetic white dwarf is the thing. That accelerates the ionized gas around it. And when that ion belt impacts the plasma around the larger star, it causes a very high-energy reaction. And we see that reaction as X-ray bursts from around that star. 

When particles in two separate plasma disks collide, they form X-ray bursts. This observation is the answer to the astronomical mystery. But. It can also make it possible to detect methods. To create artificial gamma- or X-rays. In history researchers thought that only black holes could create X- and gamma-rays. But today. We know that.  Also, less massive objects. Like white dwarfs can form at least X-rays. 

Those high-energy rays can form when a white dwarf pulls matter from its companion star. The matter that the white dwarf pulls from the companion star forms the ion cloud or halo around the white dwarf. And when that material flows. Impacts the plasma that orbits the white dwarf. That reaction forms X-ray bursts. The high-energy magnetic field. Puts the plasma into a whirl very fast around the white dwarf.

Magnetic white dwarfs interact through gravity. But it also interacts through a magnetic field. When the material impacts the white dwarf’s surface. That impact causes a nuclear reaction, which raises the energy level in plasma. That orbits the white dwarf. 

When incoming material impacts. The white dwarf’s plasma fields. That causes. A high-energy interaction. This interaction causes a situation. Those impacting particles send high-energy radiation. The remarkable thing is this: in this reaction, the magnetic interaction is dominating. 

And that thing causes a model, that if we create two crossing plasma wheels or plasma rings, we could create synthetic X- or even gamma rays. If we want to create synthetic gamma-rays, we must raise those particles' energy level so high that the quarks can interact with each other. Another way to create those high-energy radiation bursts is to use particle accelerators that accelerate quarks, electrons, or protons with high-power magnetic fields and aim laser beams into them. 

Those photons can accelerate those particles or particle clusters to a high energy level. And that system. It can create high-energy radiation. The system can have two cyclotrons that create a plasma ring. That accelerates those particles with the highest possible energy level. Then that plasma will be conducted to the linear accelerators. 

There. High-energy photons will accelerate those particles. That conducted. To crossing trajectories. Another way. Is to aim lasers at. The point where those plasma rings that rotate in opposite directions impact. When plasma rings orbit in opposite directions, that maximizes their impact force. These types of systems can be used to create synthetic gamma- or X-rays. Antimatter annihilation is the tool. That could create the gamma-rays. But. Creating gamma rays by using antimatter. It is quite an expensive method. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-bright-star-hid-a-massive-secret-for-50-years-mystery-of-gamma-cassiopeiae-finally-solved/

The Tellegen effect. It can revolutionize network technology and stealth materials.

“For more than 70 years, the Tellegen effect has been something of an 'optics unicorn': a phenomenon well described in theory but practically impossible to observe because it is usually vanishingly weak in natural materials. Now, researchers from the University of Gothenburg, Aalto University in Finland, and Stanford University report what they describe as the first experimental detection of the Tellegen effect for visible light.” (University of Gothenburg, Scientists Finally Spot the Elusive Tellegen Effect)

Reseachers at the University of Gothenburg and Aalto University spotted the Tellegen effect in optical metasurfaces. First time in history. Researchers formed an elusive Telleren effect in the optical area. Reseachers rejected natural materials. They developed the synthetic metamaterials. And. That opened new ways to create the Tellegen effect in material. 

And before anybody can benefit from that effect, the systems and metamaterials must turn more advanced. The Tellegen effect is a very weak thing. But if that thing is possible. And the radio waves. They can turn into optical waves. And backward. That can open new paths for network and stealth technologies. Another thing is that. The question mark is: could that effect transform all optical wavelengths? 

The Tellegen effect means a situation. That magnetic field interacts with metamaterials. Reseachers used metamaterial. That involved nanotubes, and finally, they used a material. That was introduced above this text. The material consists of pyramid-shaped structures. The reason why this material makes the Telleren effect possible is that. Pyramids transfer wave movement out from the surface. When a wave movement travels at the sides of the pyramid. The impact at the top of the pyramid.

That impact can change. Those waves' wavelength. This effect can transform quantum networks and stealth technology. There is a possibility. That's the Tellegen effect. 

It can turn electromagnetic fields or waves into visible light. If the Tellegen effect is complete, and material is covered by a light-absorbing layer, the Tellegen effect. It can make a revolution in material research. But this thing. Can make a layer invisible. In some models, the Tellegen effect. It could transform visible light reflection into UV or IR reflection.  UV reflection makes an object “colder”. And it is not visible in IR sensors. 

The idea is that the identical wave movement that travels in the same spot from the four sides of the nano-pyramid can also form the quantum dot. The quantum version of the electric arc. In cases where there is a channel in the pyramid. And there is an identical quantum electric arc or virtual particle, which can also pull all energy into that low-energy part of this quantum dot pair. 

https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/e21ad997-a72a-494e-a571-9acdb095c12f

https://www.gu.se/en/news/scientists-finally-spot-the-elusive-tellegen-effect

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43593-026-00123-2

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-024-45225-y?fromPaywallRec=false

Challenging Einstein’s simple universe.

“The standard cosmological model assumes that the Universe is uniform and looks the same in all directions when viewed on large scales. New research directly tests that assumption and finds evidence that the distribution of matter in the Universe does not fully align with this picture. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Lopsided? New Evidence Challenges Einstein’s Simplest Universe)

Einstein’s model of the simple universe requires adjustment. Even if the cosmic microwave background (CMB) seems homogeneous. In large size. We cannot leave the differences in the temperatures in the CMB without notice. But another thing is that. The universe seems lopsided. If another side of the universe is colder than the other, that causes energy flow into the lower energy side. This kind of energy lopsidedness can probably explain dark energy. 

There is a possibility that somewhere outside, or near the edge of the universe, is a quantum dot, some kind of thing that stretches the edge of the universe. This means that the outer edge of the universe could behave like some kind of amoeba. When that edge or standing wave moves outward. That causes the quantum low pressure at that point. This thing can cause a situation. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

*********************

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

(Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

*********************

That the energy starts to flow in the universe. The question is what causes the universe to stretch. If there is. Some kind of black hole. Outside the universe, it must be really enormous. A black hole outside the universe is impossible. The black hole should evaporate if it goes outside the universe. Another version is that. There can be some kind of bubble or cosmic supervoid in the hypothetical quantum field that surrounds the universe. If there is some kind of shockwave around the universe, that shockwave requires some kind of resistance. 

Without that resistance, the expansion of the universe could follow the de Sitter model. Or the modified de Sitter model. “A de Sitter universe is a cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, named after Willem de Sitter. “ (Wikipedia, De Sitter universe)

“It models the universe as spatially flat and neglects ordinary matter, so the dynamics of the universe are dominated by the cosmological constant, thought to correspond to dark energy in our universe or the inflaton field in the early universe. According to the models of inflation and current observations of the accelerating universe, the concordance models of physical cosmology are converging on a consistent model where our universe was best described as a de Sitter universe at about a time.” (Wikipedia, De Sitter universe)

The special event in the de Sitter universe is that. Its expansion is faster-than-light. The reason for that is that the scattering effect outside the universe is weaker. And that means a photon travels faster than it travels in the universe.  

“The exponential expansion of the scale factor means that the physical distance between any two non-accelerating observers will eventually be growing faster than the speed of light. At this point those two observers will no longer be able to make contact. Therefore, any observer in a de Sitter universe would have cosmological horizons beyond which that observer can never see nor learn any information. If our universe is approaching a de Sitter universe then eventually we will not be able to observe any galaxies other than our own Milky Way (and any others in the gravitationally bound Local Group, assuming they were to somehow survive to that time without merging)” (Wikipedia, De Sitter universe)

“The cosmic microwave background is relic radiation from the Big Bang. Credit: ESA/Planck Collaboration” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Lopsided? New Evidence Challenges Einstein’s Simplest Universe)

That means. The expansion of the universe in. The de Sitter model is faster than light. Without that resistance, the universe will collapse. In that model, nothing except gravity alone limits the speed of expansion of the universe. 

The cosmic supervoid could form. If lots of particles go outside the universe. Those elementary particles will evaporate or explode immediately. That forms the bubble in the quantum field that surrounds the universe. The reason. For. Why. We cannot see that the field is simple. If its energy level is lower than the universe’s minimum energy level. That means energy travels only in one direction. If there is a bubble. Their energy level is lower than the environment. That causes a situation. That energy field travels to that bubble, and it pulls the edge of the universe outward. 

But that requires. That. There is a quantum field outside the universe. This causes the idea. Maybe there are other universes. Or, logically. Thinking, there should be other universes. 

Do you know what the cosmic dipole anomaly is? That is the small difference between the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which uncovers that one half of the sky is cooler than the other. The difference between those temperatures is 1/1000 of a degree. Anyway, that difference is enough for energy to travel to the cooler side. Even the smallest possible difference between energy levels puts energy to move. 

This movement is not very fast, and those things might not have a meaning in the small-scale systems. But, in the universe’s scale systems. Those things have a different scale. When energy and material that the energy moves travel across the universe, the scale of the energy and material flow is so large that nothing can stop that energy and material flow. 

“The matter and CMB dipoles do not match up – the directions are consistent (top panel) but the amplitudes are not (bottom panel). Credit: Secrest et al., Reviews of Modern Physics 97 (2025) 041001” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Lopsided? New Evidence Challenges Einstein’s Simplest Universe)

Another problem is that. The matter and CMB dipoles have no match. Their directions are similar or the same. But the amplitudes have no match. This causes questions about the universe and its complex symmetry. But if the universe is asymmetrical. A structure that could look like a rugby ball, what could that thing mean? If another side of the universe is cooler than the other. That means that the point where the universe started might not be symmetrically in the middle of the universe. 

So if we want to compare that model with the Big Bang theory. That thing causes an interesting idea. What if the Big Bang was more like a Big Burst? In ordinary models, cosmologists think that the universe’s existence began in the Big Bang. The event or series of events that began in the middle of the universe. 

Could it be possible that the Big Bang happened on the other side of the universe? This means that the energy that formed the universe must come from the structure. That looks like a water tube. That is the one. And the simpler way. To try to model the asymmetry of the energy movement. The idea is that the energy. Or. wave movement, what the Big Bang released. Interacted with other fields. That thing caused the Schwinger effect. That turned the wave movement into particles. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-lopsided-new-evidence-challenges-einsteins-simplest-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

Black hole collisions put Einstein's theory to the test.

“A record-breaking gravitational wave from two merging black holes has given scientists their most detailed test yet of Einstein’s theory of gravity. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Clearest Black Hole Collision Ever Recorded Puts Einstein to the Test)

The black hole is the most incredible object in the universe. And their collisions are even more extreme cases. During that process, the black hole pair sends gravitational waves. Sometimes, an idea is introduced that the superhigh-energy neutrino detected by the neutrino sensor a couple of years ago formed when a neutrino traveled between two colliding black holes just at the moment when their halos connected. In that moment, those halos could pump an extremely high energy level into that particle. In some other models. That particle traveled through the wormhole, the energy tornado that locks time inside that particle. 

But then. A black hole collision can open new ways to see. Is there some point when Einstein’s Theory of Relativity falls? The curvature of spacetime near a black hole causes a situation where all objects can travel at the speed of light. The reason for that is that. Black hole stretches. Space and time. When all particles and objects travel in the same direction. There is no scattering effect between those things. That. means. The lack of crossing energy fields means that nothing pulls energy out from the particle. Because everything travels in the same direction at the same speed, there is no quantum shadow at the front of those particles. The quantum field transports particles like a river transports caps. 

Inside a black hole, the situation is interesting. The black hole should behave like all other ball-shaped objects. That means there should be a point; there is no gravity in the middle of it. That point is smaller than a quark. But it allows the gravity waves. Travel also through that point. Those gravity waves hit the black hole like a drum. In another model, the black hole. Turns the gravity field into a string or quantum tornado. 

That thing transports energy out of the black hole. And. One of the things that we must realize is this. If there is a string that spins very fast, that string can bind energy fields inside it. If the ends of that string are in a lower energy level than this point. There, it binds energy that causes energy flow to the string. This makes the string act like a giant thermal pump. And that causes a situation where the quantum fields transport particles into that string. That thing causes a gravitational effect. The black hole is the whirl around the superstrings. In that model, sometimes the whirl jumps out from that string. That causes the situation where the string or quantum tornado releases energy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/clearest-black-hole-collision-ever-recorded-puts-einstein-to-the-test/

Uranus and Neptune might not be what they seem.

"Researchers have uncovered evidence that Uranus and Neptune could be far rockier on the inside than anyone expected. Their unusual magnetic fields and uncertain internal makeup show why new missions are needed to reveal what these planets are really like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

“The Solar System is usually grouped into three main types of planets based on what they are made of: the four rocky terrestrial worlds (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), the two massive gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), and the pair of ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). (ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

“New research from a scientific team at the University of Zurich (UZH) suggests that Uranus and Neptune may not fit neatly into that final category. Their findings indicate that both planets could contain much more rock than previously assumed. The study does not argue that the two worlds must be water-rich or rock-rich; instead, it challenges the long-standing belief that an ice-heavy composition is the only viable explanation. This perspective is also supported by the discovery that the dwarf planet Pluto is primarily made of rock.”(ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

New information suggests that Uranus and Neptune are rocky planets. This would be one of the most incredible findings in modern astronomy. The fact is that. Gravity doesn’t tell everything. About. The size of the planets.“Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but it very rarely occurs in its pure form in the Earth's crust. It is widely distributed throughout space in cosmic dust, planetoids, and planets in various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.” (Wikipedia, Silicon). 

This means that if there is mainly silicon and lighter solid elements. Even. If the planet is large. 

It’s possible. It still has quite a weak gravity. Compared to its size. The massive rocky planets called “super earths” and “hot neptunes” are giving a tip that. Maybe there are misunderstandings about those two planets. The mass of Uranus is 14.536 times that of Earth, but that includes its massive atmosphere. The gravity on that planet’s surface is 0.886g. The mass of Neptune is 17.147 times that of Earth. Surface gravity of Neptune is 1.149g.  

As in the case of Uranus. Neptune's massive atmosphere. Raises that planet’s mass. So, are Uranus and Neptune gas planets? The gas giants are not always gas. They are probably quite small planets with a large atmosphere. But all of those planets have a point where solid layers begin. The gas giant formation begins. When. A quite small rocky point acts as the gravitational center. Then that gravitational center starts to collect gas and dust around it. 

The environment must be so stable that the solar wind doesn’t blow those gas and dust layers off, while the planet is forming. This means that planets like hot Jupiters. Or ultra-hot gas giants must form far from their suns.  The ultra-hot rocky planet can be closer to its star. And in some cases, those planets are made of melted iron. In cases like hot Jupiters, the massive gravity of those planets keeps them in form. If. Planet formation starts in interstellar space. That planet will turn. 

Into an extremely large. Interstellar traveller. This requires that the planet formation begins in an interstellar nebula, with no light elements. Those nebulae are supernova remnants and nova remnants. If. There are lots of heavy elements. Those elements cannot start fusion. There is another theoretical possibility. That the small star could turn into a planet. The idea is that the supernova near a small star or brown dwarf can push so much material away from that star that its fusion ends. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-findings-suggest-uranus-and-neptune-are-not-what-they-seem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus

Nanopores are magnificent tools.

"Cell Membrane Nanopores Releasing IonsA representation of a cell membrane (rice) with nanopores (broccoli) releasing ions (seeds). Credit: Aleksandra Radenovic/EPFL"  (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover How Tiny “Nanopores” Learn Like the Brain)

"Scientists found that nanopores’ electrical charges control how ions flow and when pores temporarily shut down. The discovery could allow engineers to design nanopores that “learn” like synapses for next-generation computing.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover How Tiny “Nanopores” Learn Like the Brain)

“Pore-forming proteins appear across many forms of life. In humans, they help protect the body by supporting immune defenses. In bacteria, they often function as toxins that create openings in cell membranes. These natural pores regulate the movement of ions and molecules, and their precise control over molecular transport has made them valuable in biotechnology, including DNA sequencing and molecular sensing.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover How Tiny “Nanopores” Learn Like the Brain)

Nanopores can act as artificial neurotransmitters. And they can also revolutionize medicine. And others. Types of technology. Those technologies are things. Like miniature sonar technology...

Learning nanopore. It is the tool for the next-generation machine intelligence. Learning nanopores can act like neurotransmitters in the next-generation computers. If.  A nanopore is made of an electrolytic liquid. It can act as a small hard disk that transports data between the transmitter and receiver. The system can use a small electromagnetic system. Like, a miniaturized nanoradiotransmitter to write information on those nanopores. Those nanopores can operate between processors. These operate as artificial neurons. And those nanopores act as neurotransmitters or chemical qubits. The system can create those pores and then recycle the liquid that it uses. That can make it possible. To use those pores in neuro- and quantum computers. 

Nanopores can act as a chemical capsule. For viruses and other chemicals. Nanopore. It can transport very reactive chemicals. Like white phosphorus. In the wanted points. In military technology. Nanopore can transport neuro-agents like VX past the sensors. In that case, a chemical weapon is encapsulated. Into the soap. Or some other non-poisonous transporter. That chemical agent is enclosed in the nanobubbles. And when those bubbles are broken. By using an acoustic signal. Or some kind of flame, like napalm, lasers, and microwaves. That releases the nerve agent. 

Nanopore is. One of the most interesting things. In modern chemistry. It can act as a platform that allows long lipedi molecules to form on its shell.  Nanopores and micropores can be used. To take samples from humans or other things. The nanopore can close things. Like. Viruses or some other cells inside them. The pore will surround the object. And then the nanomachine can transport that captured thing away. 

The nanopore can act as an acoustic resonator. Acoustic signals can make those pores oscillate. And that makes them multiply themselves. So, a nanopore can fill the cells. Block the veins. And that makes them useful in medical use. This thing also makes them suitable for the new types of weapons. There is a possibility. The nanopore can interact with ions. Or it can have amino acids on its shell. If. The nanopore is made of the receiver’s own body fluids. That opens the path. To transport viruses into the desired cells. 

Those amino acids can act as carrier proteins. That makes cells transport it to the right objects. The ion transporter makes it possible. To control the nanopore with magnetic fields. And that is one of the biggest things in this kind of system. Today, it is possible. To create a nanopore by using pistons that move back and forth in a small chamber. Another possibility is to use the whisk that rotates in the chamber. 

The system can also use chemical things to make those pores. The carbon acid creates bubbles in water. Or the system can use electrolysis. For. The bubble making. Nanopore itself can be effective. The system can make them from the environment. The nanobubble or nanopore can transport molecules. The idea is that the nanopore is made from blood plasma. And then the medical molecules or viruses will be put inside those pores. The pore itself. Denies the immune system reaction against those viruses. This thing makes those pores an ultimate tool for gene therapy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-how-tiny-nanopores-learn-like-the-brain/