Tuesday, April 29, 2025

The black hole bomb is the tool that could solve the energy problems.



The black hole bomb is not a new idea. During the Manhattan Project, some researchers introduced the idea of the so-called cylinder bomb. The fast-spinning cylinder stores energy inside. When the cylinder rotates it stores energy as kinetic energy inside it. When the cylinder slows it releases its energy. 

The idea of the Tipler cylinder is "stolen" from that system. When the fast-spinning cylinder or rotor collects energy from its environment it causes disturbance in the spacetime. The thing is that the fast-spinning cylinder can make the craft invisible if it can make energy transfer into it. 

Some inventors introduced flying machines. Based on a spinning cylinder. The system accelerates the cylinder.

And when its spin slows. It starts to deliver energy that keeps the craft hovering in the air. Also time-dilating cylinder that surrounds the computer is an interesting idea. Time dilation gives the machine a longer time to handle problems. 

The thing that can stabilize energy travel in one direction which is the fast-spinning cylinder can be the thermal pump. The particle- or laser beam that travels in the middle of the cylinder can make the energy travel in one direction and that is the cylinder. The problem with this kind of system is that. Without that thermal pump, the cylinder will deliver energy to the craft when it turns into too high energy level. The thermal pump aims energy in one direction. And if that system turns effective enough it can start to aim reflection into it. 



The system must put that energy somewhere. For stabilizing the energy flow's direction. If that cylinder cannot pump the kinetic energy into somewhere it turns into a black hole. 

In some visions of the future human astronauts can carry those fast--spinning cylinders in their belts. Those cylinders cause time dilation and disturb the spacetime because they pull energy inside them. 

The black hole is the ultimate Tipler cylinder. Theoretically, we can make the black hole by pressing particles together by using antimatter explosions. The idea is that the antimatter-matter annihilation happens in a symmetrical ball. There is the iron ball or some kind of plasma. 



The annihilation explosions around that ball press those particles into one entirety. And that thing can make a black hole. The system can collect energy from black holes using Dyson's sphere-type structure that harvests energy from the black hole's material disk and quantum fields that the black hole pulls inside it. So what happens if we create an artificial black hole? A black hole is the ultimate energy focus. 

The black hole in the ball also causes time dilation. And that opens interesting ideas about that technology. 

Theoretically, we could control the black hole by covering it with the ball. When the ball cuts energy and material flows to the black hole, it will detonate or deliver energy very fast. 

The existence of a black hole depends on the material and energy that it can pull inside it. If a black hole does not get energy or material that it can turn into energy its spin slows. In that case, the black hole will start to deliver the energy that it stored. When a black hole's spin accelerates it will receive more energy than it delivers. But when material flows into it ends that makes a black hole deliver energy. When a black hole's spin slows it must transfer energy somewhere. So, if material and energy travel to a black hole it explodes. 


 https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-crack-50-year-old-physics-theory-to-create-first-ever-black-hole-bomb




The distributed electrochemical random-access memory, ECRAM is a new tool to handle AI.

Fast Data AI Memory Computer Chip Concept Art

"Researchers have, for the first time, decoded how Electrochemical Random-Access Memory (ECRAM) works, using a special technique to observe internal electron behavior even at extreme temperatures. This hidden mechanism, where oxygen vacancies act like shortcuts for electrons, could unlock faster AI systems and longer-lasting smartphones, laptops, and tablets." (ScitechDaily, Ghost Highways in Memory Chips – The Secret Electron Shortcut to Lightning-Fast AI)

New things like AI require new equipment. The AI is a combination of complex algorithms, and that system requires a new, faster way to handle memory and its combination with the software. In traditional computing, the microchip calls the program from RAM (Random Access Memory) for driving. When the computer must always call millions or even billions of algorithms. 

That thing makes traditional computing slow. "In-memory" computing where data is handled in multiple memory blocks at the same time can be the answer to that problem. In that model, every single memory chip has its own processor. 

Whenever the computer drives a program the code travels through the microchip. That kind of way where all data travels through the microprocessors is quite slow. There are tested systems where each RAM component has its own microchip that gives the system a new multicore way to handle data. The data can be handled in a memory chip which decreases the need to transport it a long way. 

That decreases the temperature in the wires. However, the problem is that all microchips create temperature. And that system just transports the temperature problem to another location. 

The new systems called "in-memory computing" where calculations happen straight in memory are anyway tools that allow to make faster and more effective computers. If we think that the system uses a distributed way of data-handling processes, that system can mimic the quantum computer. 

The system their calculations happen non-centralized in multiple independently operating memory units that can operate as a virtual quantum computer. The system can share calculations or operations with those data handling units. Each of those data-handling units can act like a qubit state. So "in-memory computing" can allow the system that can operate as a virtual quantum computer to make it faster than a regular, centralized computer. 

In Memory Computing Using Electrochemical Memory Devices

"A schematic representation of in-memory computing using electrochemical memory devices (ECRAMs) arranged in a cross-point array structure, mimicking the way synapses in the brain process information. When voltage is applied to the device, ions move within the channel, enabling simultaneous computation and data storage. This study reveals how ions and electrons behave under applied voltage, uncovering the device’s internal operational dynamics. Credit: (Pohang University of Science and Technology,POSTECH) ((ScitechDaily, Ghost Highways in Memory Chips – The Secret Electron Shortcut to Lightning-Fast AI)


"In-memory computing" allows the system to handle multiple operations at the same time. The system can share the memory blocks into segments. And when the system accomplishes its job.

It can give output to the screen. Then the block waits for new orders. Or it can tell other blocks that it's free, and if those other blocks require help it can offer its resources to them. 

 But in the same way as human brains the "in-memory computer" can continue some other operations backward. "In-memory computers" acts like human brains. 

There is always space for a new mission. If the system must run multiple tasks at the same time, it can reserve a certain number of memory units for each job. When some job is done the computer can share those free resources with jobs that need them. 

"In-memory computer"mimics human brains. Because the system has multiple data-handling units that can share multiple problems the system doesn't need to stop for a new mission. The single unit must stop but the entirety can always take the mission. The reason why our brains use that model is simple. All neurons work as groups. There are always free neurons that can take a new job. And when the other neurons finish their mission. Those neurons can call others to assist them. If the problem is difficult brains will connect more and more neurons to operate with it. 

But that system requires new memory technology called Electrochemical Random-Access Memory, ECRAM. The system mimics human memory. This means there are two states in that memory. The electric state and chemical state. Basically, the idea of the ECRAM chemical memory is simple. When the molecule is in a certain position, it has a state of 0. And the other position is 1. The problem is how to make that thing in practical solution. Those positions can be physical or they can be the ion states. Or anion can be 1 and an ion can be 0. There are multiple ways to make that thing possible. ECRAM technology should produce less heat than a regular electric data-handling process. 

1) "ECRAM (Electrochemical Random-Access Memory): An electrochemical memory device whose channel conductivity varies according to the concentration of ions within the channel. This behavior allows for the expression of analog memory states. The device features a three-terminal structure consisting of a source, drain, and gate. By applying voltage to the gate, ion movement is controlled, and the channel conductivity is read through the source and drain."(ScitechDaily, Ghost Highways in Memory Chips – The Secret Electron Shortcut to Lightning-Fast AI)

2) "Parallel Dipole Line Hall System, PDL Hall System: A Hall measurement system composed of two cylindrical dipole magnets. When one magnet is rotated, the other rotates automatically, enabling the generation of a strong, superimposed magnetic field. This configuration allows for enhanced sensitivity in observing internal electron behaviors." (ScitechDaily, Ghost Highways in Memory Chips – The Secret Electron Shortcut to Lightning-Fast AI)


https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article/106/6/062407/29245/A-parallel-dipole-line-system


https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-is-distributed-computing-20241125/


https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-highways-in-memory-chips-the-secret-electron-shortcut-to-lightning-fast-ai/


Artificial viruses bring new winds in medical treatment.


The new biological sciences and genetic applications are impressive. Things like 3D collagen can help to print living tissues and maybe organs. The system can make 3D bioprinting using normal bioprinters.

And the problem is where to get those cells. If those cell's shell antigens are wrong, the immune system destroys those cells immediately. 

When researchers want to make things like bioprinted bones they need lots of cells. And one answer to that problem is cell reprogramming. In that process, the system changes the DNA from the cell's nucleus. The problem is how to make enough cells in a short time. 

Because if people need that kind of thing, that happens in non-predicted accidents. The system must make a number much cells in a short period. The answer can be the artificial viruses that can make that reprogramming process. 

If researchers want to print a 3D organ like the liver or even the brain the system can use large-scale cell reprogramming. The idea is that the system puts those cells in the 3D mold. 

Then the artificial viruses can reprogram those cells by removing their DNA. Changing those DNAs into new ones the virus changes the type of the cell. 

That should transform those cells into the wanted tissue and organ. This kind of therapy makes it possible to turn even bacteria into the tissue that replaces the old one. 

The new knowledge of the cells and bacteria. And their DNA makes it possible to manipulate cells. And their operations with new and effective accuracy. 

Another thing that researchers noticed. The cell's role in the human body depends on the nutrients and metabolism. This knowledge can make it possible to create artificial tissues using cell cultures and boost things like immune systems. 


The growing knowledge of the DNA sequences. And their effect on cells. 


Make it possible to create cells. That transforms themselves and their roles. The same cell can destroy bacteria. And then it can act as the building block of the blood vessels. 

The artificial immune cells can transport bacteriophages to the desired point in the human body. 

Those viruses can search and destroy non-wanted cells. 

The AI is the tool. That can search the DNA sequences in a very short time. The AI can see people's DNA and find out why somebody will not get the flu. 

The artificial cells and bacteriophages can replace many antibiotics. But before we can say "goodbye" to antibiotics. We must have complete information about the mechanisms. That the bacteriophages use, when they target bacteria. That mechanism helps to find or create artificial viruses that can target things like cancer cells. 

The human gut has its bacteriophages the mission is almost certainly to make sure. That the gut bacteria are in balance. 

By following those phage viruses researchers can get more information about how the phage selects the bacteria. And maybe in the future, those bacteriophages can also transfer DNA bites that cause bacteria to die. More or less artificial viruses can be used to destroy non-wanted cells. 

And researchers think about the possibility. That they can remove those phages from the gut. During antibiotic treatment. Then they will return those viruses to the gut by using genetically engineered cells. Those cells create phages.

Another thing that those phages can do. It turns the immune defense stronger by helping immune cells destroy bacteria. That they cannot otherwise reach. The intestine is a hard place for the immune cells. And maybe those phage viruses handle immune cell missions in the intestine.   But otherwise, they can make the gut bacteria more vulnerable to antibiotics. 

Artificial viruses are excellent tools for genetic therapy. Artificial viruses can also boost the killer cells's ability to find the non-wanted cells. The idea is that. 

The virus can carry the DNA, or mRNA bite. That gives immune resistance against some antigens. That thing can boost an ability to fight against cancer. The mRNA programs the immune cells to select and destroy things like zombie cells. 

The hope is in so-called NK (Natural Killer)-cells that memory is enhanced using the mRNA or some kind of microchips. This requires precise operating systems that can select non-wanted cells more accurately than before. But that requires very highly accurate genetic engineering. 


https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-metabolism-can-shape-cells-destinies-20250321/


 https://scitechdaily.com/can-we-program-life-rewriting-the-rulebook-on-how-cells-self-organize/


https://scitechdaily.com/printing-the-future-of-life-how-3d-collagen-scaffolds-grow-real-tissues/


https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-bioprint-living-tissues-that-could-revolutionize-diabetes-treatment/


 https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-flip-a-gut-virus-kill-switch-and-expose-a-hidden-threat-in-antibiotic-treatment/


 https://scitechdaily.com/new-hope-memory-enhanced-nk-cells-could-revolutionize-cancer-treatment/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell

Monday, April 28, 2025

Spaceborne aircraft carriers are coming.



The SpaceX Starship can serve as an orbital aircraft carrier. That system can release small space shuttles to missions. Those carriers can be robots or manned. And they take strike and recon capacity to the next level. 

The spaceborne aircraft carrier is the tool. The U.S. space force wants to make sure that they can dominate the space. The idea of flying aircraft carriers, or even spaceborne aircraft carriers is not new. The U.S. Navy tested two airships, U.S.S Macon and U.S.S Akron that could carry nine Curtiss F9F "Sparrowhawk" fighters. Those airships failed in accidents. But the idea remains. Maybe some blips automatized high-altitude airships can carry drones to the operational area and drop them over the ground. 

During the last Cold War, the Boeing company tested a Boeing 747.  That should carry small-size jetfighters. 

There were also plans to connect so-called parasite fighters with bombers. The bomber could carry jet fighters under their wings in the outer weapon hardpoint. 

Maybe some cruise missiles can carry sub-missiles for air-defense suppression and the AI can give the air combat capacity to some drones or cruise missiles. 

In some futuristic visions the nuclear-powered platform or plate that is the giant quadcopter can operate above clouds. That system can operate helicopters and aircraft. There is no top size for the quadcopters. So that kind of solution is theoretically possible. 

Today Pentagon at least tested the supply system that can give service for drones in the airborne C-130 or C-5 cargo planes, modified for the motherships of some drones. Also, there were plans that the cargo planes could carry the F-117 "Nighthawk" stealth fighter into operational areas. Then the parachutes would pull those jet fighters out from the cargo bay.



There is the possibility that the Boeing 747 can replaced by the SpaceX Starship and those jet fighters by X-37-style shuttles. 





The SciFi movies are full of scenes where the spacecraft dock to the space stations or bigger spacecraft. But when we think about real-life spaceborne aircraft carriers we can talk about automatized satellites or manned stations that can deliver small satellites to orbital or drones to the atmosphere. The aircraft carrier might be the rocket stage or the space shuttle there is packed miniature shuttles. 

So the X-37 B-type miniature space shuttles can be put into the SpaceX "Starship" and then that system can fly to the orbiter. The idea is taken from the Boeing 747 mothership. That kind of system can rapidly launch multiple miniature shuttles that can intercept the killer satellites or they can also at least try to destroy the incoming ballistic missiles. Those small shuttles can also operate as the ultimate powerful kamikaze drones that can attack ground targets. 

The system can use conventional machine guns and bullets will start to travel over 15,000 km/h. Or those systems can also use nuclear weapons, packed in their cargo bays. If that kind of system drops quadcopters or other drones through the atmosphere that will bring a new level to the military and intelligence world. Those quadcopters can equipped with a heat shield, that protects them against friction. And then those systems can also attack even against individual persons. 


 https://www.sustainability-times.com/in-depth/china-in-total-panic-space-force-races-to-finish-first-ever-space-aircraft-carrier-set-to-dominate-earths-orbit/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_aircraft_carrier


https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Akron


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship

Sunday, April 27, 2025

What if we put computers to think mathematically?



When we think about programming and the computer's memories every single memory unit in the computer hardware has a certain address. The artificial intelligence connects and disconnects those memory points into the new orders. And that can make a computing process that mimics thinking. Every single memory address is like a piece of the puzzle. If every single memory unit has a certain number that makes it possible to point certain points from the computer memory. 

When we think about things like thinking we could easily connect those memory units with orders that the large language model, LLM gets by using the numeric values of the memory units and then calculate them with the ASCII marks. In the ASCII system, every single mark on the keyboard has a numeric value. 

For example, the letter A has a numeric value 61 in decimal and 41 in hex. A little a (a) has values 97 in decimal and 61 in hex. That's why it's not the same as the letter big or small in passwords. The numeric system is also important. The hexadecimal ("Base-16" system where the 10 comes after 16) and regular decimals are different. 

In that system 10 is marked in the numeric line like this. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F,10. In binary system 10 comes after 9 like this. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.

Same way every single color has a numeric form in the computer memory. The system is known as RGB.  The system can use CCD cameras to make observations. 

Another thing is to use the values that fit to computer or programmer better. The color red can have a numeric value "200" and then the depth of that color can have 99 states. The system can turn every color into its own numeric value. 

The deepest red can be the 299. The data that CCD camera pixels give can be numeric. The system can see what numeric value every pixel gives and then it can make the model about things that it sees. So all data that travels into the system can turn into numeric. 



Token ring. If we think of this model as the computing cycle of the AI.  The system connects data into that data cycle. Every point in the cycle. There is the computer's image.

This can be the new way to handle large language models, LLMs are not to turn their mathematical models for words. The system can translate data that users input there into the mathematical model. Then the LLM starts to operate and process data in the mathematical form. That kind of thing can be lighter for computers than the words that we use. Mathematics is easier for computers, and when we think about the ability to turn words into mathematical form, we must remember that ASCII codes are basically numbers. Those numbers can sum, division, and multiplicate easier than words. 

That means the LLM can turn every single word that it has into numbers. Then that system can make calculations using the numbers. The ability to handle data in numeric form makes those systems more effective. The system can use the "token ring" type data handling, or computing model. The token ring model is known from data networks. However, the same model can introduce how the system surrounds data in it. Every time, when the system makes the data cycle it connects information into that data cycle. 

The system makes a certain number of calculations in every round. In those calculations, the system connects data from the sensors and memories in the data flow. The system doesn't need to show that information to the users before it drives it through the cycle as many times as ordered.


https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ascii-table/


https://www.quantamagazine.org/to-make-language-models-work-better-researchers-sidestep-language-20250414/


https://www.rapidtables.com/web/color/RGB_Color.html


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model


The quantum network can be closer to reality than we think.


"The new operating system is the first in the world that allows quantum computers with different kinds of qubits to function together in a single network. (Image credit: hh5800 via Getty Images)" (LiveScience, World's first operating system for quantum computers unveiled — it can be used to manage a future quantum internet)

The quantum network can offer a new. And a very secure way to communicate over distances. The quantum Internet will be a very trusted way to transmit data because data is connected with particles. The particle that travels in the quantum internet plays the same role as neurotransmitters play in the nervous system. The qubit can be a photon, electron, ion, etc. 

Basically, the quantum network's principles are known. Details cause problems in the system. When the main problems are solved. The next step is to turn to solving problems with more and more accurate details. 

And the final steps before the full-scale operating quantum networks are very short. When we think about this kind of network from the point of view of the R&D work the first steps are long, but then the accuracy increases and that makes the steps in advance turn shorter. So the last things before the goal are the longest. 

But when the quantum network comes, that thing makes the ultimate state of security for communication. 

A quantum network can be like a hollow tube. 

That tube acts like a particle accelerator. And a qubit travels in that system. The system mimics the human nervous system. The problem is how to eliminate the Hall effect because vertical fields can damage information in a qubit when the system shoots it through the line. Another problem is unexpected effects like gamma-radiation that can destroy the qubit. 

The qubit travels in the quantum channel mimics the axon. The computer centers mimic neurons. The system routes the qubits into the right routes. 

And the computers or the nexus centers can also make copies of those qubits. And that subsystem sends them into different routes. The information about the right routes can travel in the shell of that system. 

The quantum network might be closer than we think. The quantum computer is a good tool for controlling and administrating quantum networks. In those systems, every state of the quantum system can administrate or control certain quantum channels. The system can create a copy of the arrived qubit and send it back. 

That allows the system to check. If there are some errors. The system requires at least a duplicate quantum line to make the data check. If both lines have identical solutions the answer is true. Increasing the number of data lines makes the system more trusted. 

The quantum network can mimic the axon. Electric signals, or control signals operate the quantum route. Can travel in the quantum channel's shell. 

The qubit can travel in the hollow quantum channel. The qubit has the same role as neurotransmitters in the human nervous system. The data that the qubit carries is connected to the particle. And that makes the quantum computer and quantum network safe. There are two ways to make the quantum network. The first one is to use the superpositioned and entangled particles. 

But making that spooky action in distance possible at long distances is very difficult. Another way is to pack information into the particles like photons, electrons, or ions and shoot them through the quantum channel. The quantum channel itself is like a particle accelerator that accelerates those qubits. The problem is how to eliminate the Hall effect or Hall field from that channel. 

Those vertical energy fields can destroy information from the qubit that travels through them. And other problems are things like fast energy bursts from the universe. Those things can destroy the qubit.


https://www.livescience.com/technology/computing/quantum-internet-breakthrough-after-quantum-data-transmitted-through-standard-fiber-optic-cable-for-1st-time

 https://www.livescience.com/technology/computing/worlds-first-operating-system-for-quantum-computers-unveiled-it-can-be-used-to-manage-a-future-quantum-internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit

Maybe quite soon we can control our memories.



"A study found that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can subtly influence decision-making by altering activity in the brain’s dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Anodal stimulation sped up decisions, while cathodal stimulation made participants more likely to stick with previous choices, suggesting changes in cognitive flexibility." (ScitechDaily, Study: A Simple Brain Stimulation Method Could Speed Up Decision-Making)

Brain stimulation can help people to make faster solutions. This ability is important in situations where people need fast thinking. The brain stimulation can make the fighter pilot, or some other operator's performance more effective. The stimulation can be installed in the helmet and it can improve the person's abilities. 

But brain stimulation can make many more things. Then just make a person think faster. The new brain implants or brain stimulator microchips don't need complicated surgery. And that brings the Brain-Computer-interfaces, BCI closer to regular people. 

The ability to remove and manipulate memory is one of the most interesting, promising, and frightening things in engineering. Removing painful memories makes it possible for people to recover faster. There are risks to that kind of technology. Those risks mean that in the wrong hands technology allows to erase non-wanted things from people's heads. 

And in some very dramatic movies memory erasers can remove memories from people's head who worked as mercenaries. 

This technology is at the laboratory level. But as we know technology goes very fast. Our knowledge of brains and memories advances. And that accelerates this kind of research. 

The ability to transform memories means that negative things can be connected to positive feelings. And that thing can improve therapies. The ability to create fake memories is one of the things that is seen as a negative thing. The positive way to use fake memories can be to use those artificial memories for educational purposes. The difference between fake memories and normal education is that fake memories are made using brain stimulation. 

The system stimulates neurons in brains and they create the artificial sense of touch and smell, as well as other artificial senses. In normal computer lectures. The senses that we use are only senses of sight and hearing senses. Artificial memory means this. We remember how we move our hands and smell things. Brain stimulation means that we cannot separate artificial memories from real memories. 

When we learn something we make a memory block for that thing. Fake memories can help people to learn normal things like biology, programming, or mathematics. The fake memories can also help people to prepare for difficult medical, or military operations. Fake memories can save people's lives because they can make it possible to train fast training of things like medical skills. And if somebody is injured in the dark forests fake memories can help their partners to learn medical skills very fast. 


"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (schematic diagram" (Wikipedia, Transcranial magnetic stimulation)


The two ways operating a transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS system there is the transmitter and superconducting receiver can turn the system into a circle of the saint (halo)  above the person's head. That system allows two-way communication between computers and human brains without surgery. 

Maybe those things will be a reality tomorrow. When we talk about the thongs as a medical way to erase memories the best solutions can be the combination of medicines and electric, and electromagnetic brain stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS, and deep brain stimulation, DBS can manipulate any brain center.  The interactive TMS system there a very accurate superconducting sensor that receives the brain signals can make Elon Musk's Neuralink old-fashioned. 

Those systems can stimulate sleep centers and put people to sleep. Those systems can also deny neural signals from reaching the pain center in the brain. The misuse of those systems can simply cut the operations of the respiratory center. And that can be a horrifying assassination tool. 

"Pharmacological interventions have been at the forefront of brain eraser research for decades. These approaches typically involve using drugs to disrupt the consolidation or reconsolidation of memories. For example, beta-blockers like propranolol have shown promise in reducing the emotional impact of traumatic memories when administered shortly after the event or during recall." (https://neurolaunch.com/brain-erasers/)

"But drugs aren’t the only tools in the brain eraser toolkit. Psychological techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy, can help individuals reframe and process traumatic memories, effectively “erasing” their negative emotional impact. These methods don’t physically remove the memory but can significantly alter how it’s perceived and experienced." (https://neurolaunch.com/brain-erasers/)

"Neurostimulation methods, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer another avenue for memory manipulation. These techniques use targeted electrical or magnetic pulses to modulate brain activity in specific regions associated with memory processing. While still in the experimental stages, early results have been promising, particularly for treating conditions like depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder." (https://neurolaunch.com/brain-erasers/)

"Perhaps the most cutting-edge approach to memory erasure comes from the field of optogenetics. This technique, primarily used in animal studies, involves genetically modifying neurons to respond to light. By precisely targeting specific groups of neurons, researchers can activate or inhibit memory traces, potentially offering a level of control over memory processes that was previously unimaginable." (https://neurolaunch.com/brain-erasers/)

Depression and other behavioral disturbances form when those magnetic waves disturb the neurotransmitters. During this process, the TMS or DBS systems stimulate neurons. And that causes neurons to release more neurotransmitters than in normal cases. The TMS or DBS are systems. That requires a very deep knowledge of the human brain. Those systems can also replace things like some anesthetic medicals. They can simply cut the neuro-signal path in the neural systems. 


https://neurolaunch.com/brain-erasers/


https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-figured-out-how-to-to-erase-your-painful-memories


https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/should-we-delete-our-memories


https://scitechdaily.com/study-a-simple-brain-stimulation-method-could-speed-up-decision-making/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation



Saturday, April 26, 2025

The new material can revolutionize electronics.

Transister Design Art Concept

"Scientists have developed a method to turn molybdenum disulfide into a range of electronic states, including a superconductor, just by adding potassium ions and tweaking temperature. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, One Material, Four Behaviors: Superconductor, Metal, Semiconductor, and Insulator) 

"RIKEN scientists have discovered how to manipulate molybdenum disulfide into acting as a superconductor, metal, semiconductor, or insulator using a specialized transistor technique." (ScitechDaily, One Material, Four Behaviors: Superconductor, Metal, Semiconductor, and Insulator) 

Molybdenum disulfide is an interesting material. It can act as an insulator, semiconductor, and metal superconductor. This means the system can manipulate this material's roles. If one material can have different roles. That can make it easier to make miniature microchips. The system can control the point where the material lets electricity and data travel into the processor. If that can made using some economic thing that can help to create miniature microchips that can make new miniaturized technology possible. 

"By inserting potassium ions and adjusting conditions, they could trigger dramatic changes in the material’s electronic state—unexpectedly even turning it into a superconductor or insulator. This new level of control over a single 2D material could unlock exciting breakthroughs in next-gen electronics and superconductivity research." (ScitechDaily, One Material, Four Behaviors: Superconductor, Metal, Semiconductor, and Insulator) 

The superconducting state might require a very low temperature. But even if the system can manipulate the states of that material in high temperatures. 

This kind of material is a gift for microchip manufacturers. If they can manipulate the state of material between semiconductors and insulators they can make new types of switches and gates in computers. 

The system can use molybdenum disulfide as material for microchips and especially gates that control electric flow. That material can turn more effective microchips into marketing. 

And then another way is that this kind of system can allow the creation of new small-size microchips required in mobile technology. The miniature systems require miniature computers. 

Independently operating miniature systems require powerful miniature systems. 

Miniaturized computers are required in small-size nanotechnical tools like independently operating quadcopters and miniature submarines. 

Those systems can operate independently.  Even small-size quadcopters can operate for years without service. If they use so-called nuclear isotopic batteries. The system can operate underwater and airborne. They require miniaturized technology for independent operations. 


https://scitechdaily.com/one-material-four-behaviors-superconductor-metal-semiconductor-and-insulator/


Wednesday, April 23, 2025

The new metal alloy can keep its form in a very long temperature scale.


"A POSTECH research team has developed a nickel-based high-entropy alloy (HEA) that maintains its strength and ductility across extreme temperatures from -196 °C to 600 °C. This temperature-insensitive “Hyperadaptor” alloy, reinforced by nanoscale precipitates, shows promise for aerospace, automotive, and energy applications. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Korean Scientists Develop Super Metal That Remains Strong No Matter the Temperature)

The Korean researchers created a new metal that keeps its strength and ductility from -196C to 600 Celsius. That metal can give new tools for aeronautics. And some other technologies. 

That new metal can have potential in some gas tanks. Or in some sensors. When the temperature rises higher level than 600 degrees that metal can melt and then let air travel to the sensor. The metal is called a nickel-based high-entropy alloy HEA. The HEA itself is a pilot material that can used in systems that warn the layer overheating. The idea is the same as the wood metal in sprinkler systems. 

The wood's metal melts at 71C. And that metal is used to close sprinkler ventilation. When a fire starts to burn temperature melts the metal and allows the water to go to the flame. 

The 600C melting  HEA metal can burn or melt away from the layer. 

That opens the sensor to the outer air. And the system can begin counteractions against overheating. 

The problem is that the new metal alloy cannot keep its abilities. If there is liquid hydrogen whose temperature is -253C. The liquid hydrogen requires a new tank solution. 

And one possible solution is the so-called thermos solution. The tank would have one or more vacuum layers between the liquid hydrogen and outside it. New nanotechnical and quantum materials are the tools that make the dream of a new type of airplane or so-called space planes real. The problem is that the temperature outside the aircraft changes from melting heat to freezing cold. 

Another possible solution for the high-speed flight's temperature problem can be the active freezer. The active freezer allows the ram-air or freezing cold gas from the tank to travel below the layer. That liquid, very cold gas can pull thermal energy in it. That liquid gas can be stored in the tank. 

https://scitechdaily.com/korean-scientists-develop-super-metal-that-remains-strong-no-matter-the-temperature/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%27s_metal

The new crystals can trap light.



"Rice researchers discovered that 3D light traps can trigger powerful quantum effects, enabling new ways for light and electrons to communicate and potentially revolutionizing quantum tech. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, They Built a Crystal to Trap Light – And Found a New Kind of Quantum Link)

Crystals that can trap light inside them are exciting tools. If optical crystals will not conduct light away from inside them that rises their energy level until they explode. However, if the researchers can control the crystal's ability to transfer light away from inside them that makes it possible to use those crystals as data storage and invisibility systems. 

Those optical crystals can store light for quantum components. Or they can be used to store light and information for night-time use. In visions. Is possible to store light in the crystal. And then at the right moment aim it at the light detector. 

If researchers can control that process, it is possible to create new optical mass memories. For the right function. Optical mass memories require that the crystal can keep information in its form. If that light that carries information cannot stay in its original form that causes the loss of the data. There are small mirrors that can reflect 100% radiation that hits them. 

In those systems, light jumps between mirrors but the problem is that the system must freeze at a very low temperature. That removes oscillation from the system and helps to keep information in its form. The optical USB stick is like a miniature laser there are light jumps between those two mirrors. The laser writes data to that beam. And when the system needs to read that data another mirror will open. Then the beam transports that data into the photovoltaic cell. 

Those optical mass memories can revolutionize data security. The problem is how to control the reflection in the optical mass memory. And one of the answers can be those optical crystals. 

The optical crystal that traps light in it can also act as an invisibility system. The system can trap light in those crystals and then conduct it in the desired direction. That makes it possible to aim reflection and information out from the observer. Maybe in the future, those optical crystals can make those things. If those optical crystals can aim light into the aircraft's body that makes the aircraft look like a shadow. 


https://scitechdaily.com/they-built-a-crystal-to-trap-light-and-found-a-new-kind-of-quantum-link/

Tuesday, April 22, 2025

The Big Bang was not probably as we believed.



"A new cosmological model proposes that the universe grows not from a single Big Bang, but from multiple, rapid bursts of energy called temporal singularities. These unseen events may explain galaxy formation and cosmic acceleration—without relying on dark matter or dark energy. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, No Big Bang? A Theory of Repeating Bursts Could Explain Everything)

In the new model, the Big Bang did not exist. Or its form was different. From we believed. It's possible that the Big Bang was a series of events that made the wave-particle duality from particles straight from the radiation. 

The new model of the universe's beginning is not as radical as it can be. The model is that the Big Bang was a series of events, not a single "bang". The idea of the Big Bang is that. There was an event where energy turned into material and those particles reached certain energy levels. 

There is the possibility that before modern material formed there formed some particle-antiparticle pairs that are very exotic in the modern universe. Those particles and their antiparticle pairs could be very common in the young, high-energy universe. 

There is a possibility that the very first gravitational centers, "Kugelblitz black holes". Those things formed when there formed whirls in the Higgs field. Those very first primordial black holes could explain the crossing waves that form the 

The energy or wave movement transformed into particles in the very high energy event that we call the "Big Bang". The only problem with the Big Bang model is that this thing. Wave-particle duality requires that wave movement impacts with opposite or crossing wave movement. 

When wave movement turns into particles. That requires crossing wave movement. There must be some source that sends those crossing waves. 

The wave-particle duality means that energy or wave movement can transform into a particle, or the particle can transform into energy. Those whirls can create crossing-wave movement. 

One of the possible models is that the Big Bang was a series of bursts that formed particles. There is a model. The Big Bang had multiple cores. The points where energy was released into the spacetime. When those energy waves crossed they formed particles that don't exist anymore. The young universe had a higher energy level than the modern universe. The energy flow from particles was slower than in the modern universe. 

That means there can be particles and atoms that cannot exist in the modern universe. The particle's ability to create compounds depends on the energy flow. That comes out from the particle. If that energy flow is too fast it pushes those particles away from each other. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/no-big-bang-a-theory-of-repeating-bursts-could-explain-everything/


Modern technology and private espionage.



When we think about private espionage as the espionage that private companies make, we can say that companies like Satlantis,  SpaceX and IceEye can be the next step for private espionage. Those companies can provide satellite and radar satellite services. That can beat the national espionage programs. 

IceEye's radar satellites show their capacity in the Ukrainian war. Those radar satellites can see Russian convoys. The Starlink system can also route all information that travels through it to its operators. The private ELINT satellite can be a reprogrammed Starlink-type communication satellite. 

Some companies provide high-resolution images from the ground. They operate highly advanced satellites. The first of those commercial high-resolution that provide quite high-resolution images was Ikonos. The Ikonos launched into space in 1999 and it retired in 2015.  The resolution of those images that this civil geo-observing satellite could provide is about 1-1,5 meters. And that was a very high-resolution system.  But its successors are more advanced. 

Today satellites are more advanced than Ikonos. Those satellites' sensors are more effective than the Ikonos ever been. Those systems can take images of about 30cm in size tells those satellite's marketing page. Things like spectroscopes can offer a view of the chemical compounds that the engine exhaust gas involves. 

When we think about free-to-use services like Google Earth. It is always mentioned. That the data that those services publish cannot harm anybody. 

Things like military bases are not updated very often. The image below is taken from Google Earth and it's from the Severomorsk area. Details are taken by zooming those Google Earth images. 

Above: Google Earth image of Severomorsk. 

That service can also provide information about the classified areas. The data is not the newest possible, but it involves interesting details. The satellites. Advanced computers, AI, and radar technology allow the creation of remotely or automatically (AI) controlled airships or stratospheric satellites that can offer very high-resolution radars, lidar, and optical images.  

Computer-based systems can connect data from satellites and stratospheric satellites. The new artificial intelligence-based solutions that can remove pixels for zoom images open new visions to private espionage. 

Private espionage is the most interesting and dangerous thing in the world. Any private investigator can buy things like drones and mobile telephones and take images of the objects. The drone can carry microphones or the private eye can use laser microphones or hack the surveillance cameras. There are also things like intelligent glasses that private espionage people can use to film offices. Then the operators can find interesting details from those films. 

They can slip mobile telephones. That are polluted with malicious software into the office. 

And that's why. Some people are worried about the free electronics. Like tablets. That the Chinese online stores offer. 

The fact is that. It's possible to slip an espionage program into those systems. And that system can act as a gate for hackers. 


https://www.freethink.com/artificial-intelligence/private-intelligence


https://www.iceye.com


https://www.worldview.space/remote-sensing


https://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/ikonos/


https://www.satlantis.com


https://www.starlink.com/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikonos 

The new AI-based tools can make fundamental advances in astronomy.


"A new AI called Urania is transforming gravitational wave detection by designing superior, sometimes bizarre detectors that challenge current scientific understanding. The best designs are now shared for global research. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, When Machines Dream: AI Designs Strange New Tools to Listen to the Cosmos)

"Einstein imagined gravitational waves over a hundred years ago, but it wasn’t until 2016 that technology finally caught up. Now, researchers are pushing the boundaries again – this time with the help of an AI named Urania." (ScitechDaily, When Machines Dream: AI Designs Strange New Tools to Listen to the Cosmos)

Developed by Dr. Mario Krenn and his team, Urania has designed a series of novel gravitational wave detectors that not only match but often exceed the capabilities of existing human-made concepts. What’s most fascinating is that the AI didn’t just replicate known strategies – it invented brand new ones, some of which scientists don’t yet fully understand. These discoveries are now publicly available in a “Detector Zoo,” hinting at a bold new era where machines innovate and humans interpret." (ScitechDaily, When Machines Dream: AI Designs Strange New Tools to Listen to the Cosmos)


Gravitational waves are a fundamental tool. Suppose researchers want to observe and research things like neutron stars and black holes. The problem is that the black hole's eruption gives information to another wavelength than just gravitational waves. 

Things like gravitational waves can be a new threat to data security in quantum computing. Gravitational waves can shake superpositioned and entangled photons and disturb data transmission in the quantum computer and quantum network. Another phenomenon that can be  

The AI-based systems can make sensor fusion to connect all data from different sensors from radio- and optical telescopes to the gravitational wave detectors. That system fusion allows to creation of new models of how to predict the gravitational waves and things that are connected with it. 

The gravitational waves form in high-energy reactions like neutron stars and black hole collisions. Things like gamma-ray bursts (GRB) X-ray bursts (XRB) and fast radio bursts (FRB) are also connected with the high energy reactions. 

The interesting thing is this: the object sends those bursts when it releases energy. So lonely black hole sends gravity waves when energy injection in the black hole ends. The energy bursts follow each other in the series where the highest energy radiation comes first. Then the energy level in those bursts decreases. 

So, the AI can predict which of those bursts and the gravity waves are connected with each other. In the most exciting vision, the FRB happens just after the gravity wave bursts. And if we someday can predict that energy impulse and its route that allows us to make the system that captures that energy. The FRB can also damage the quantum computers or disturb their operations. So predicting that is very important if we someday make spaceborne quantum computers. 

If researchers can predict the FRB and its route, maybe someday in the future we can use at least the FRB as an energy source. 

The FRB must be trapped by the radio antenna. And then that energy must conduct to the battery. Basically, we have technology that can trap the FRB. But prediction of those radio bursts is not very easy to make. If the system traps about 20% of the radio burst that can solve part of Earth's energy problems. Capturing that thing can happen by using a satellite group that is positioned in the FRB route.  But those are the futuristic visions. 


 https://scitechdaily.com/when-machines-dream-ai-designs-strange-new-tools-to-listen-to-the-cosmos/

Chinese test non-nuclear hydrogen bomb.



"Hydrogen bomb The fireball generated by a two-kilogram hydrogen bomb. Photo: 705 Research Institute" (The DefensePost, China Claims Non-Nuclear Hydrogen Bomb Test Triggered Chemical Reaction)

Hydrogen is a good tool for thermobaric explosives. The hydrogen-oxygen mixture is a very high-explosive material. The problem with hydrogen is that the gas is so lightweight. The wind is always the problem with fuel-air explosives, FAE because it blows the explosive fuel mixture away. In some scenarios, terrorists use hydrogen thermobaric explosives to destroy targets. In those scenarios, the electrolytic system creates a hydrogen cloud. And then that hydrogen will fill the space and the system detonates it. 

The problem is how to make the hydrogen cloud. And keep it so dense. That an explosion can happen. In some scenarios, the system releases hydrogen first into the balloon, and then the ignition system makes a hole in that hydrogen balloon and detonates. 

The Chinese researchers used a solid-state compuóund called magnesium hydride to release very much hydrogen. The 2kg system creates a fireball with a temperature over 1000C. And, when we think about the other ways to use the hydrogen-air mixture as an explosive there is always the possibility of injecting oxygen and hydrogen into the tank. There the detonator can detonate that gas mixture. 

There are many ways to make the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Ammunition, that uses hydrogen can be two-chamber ammunition, normally used as chemical weapon carriers. The hydrogen creator, like sodium or some other alkali metal that creates hydrogen when it touches water, is in another chamber. And there is water in another tank. When water touches alcal metal, hydrogen is produced. And then. The ignition system ignites the hydrogen in that chamber. 

The system can use very small alkali metal bites that maximize the surface which participates in the hydrogen creation reaction. The problem is that this reaction should create hydrogen very fast so that the hydrogen creator can create enough hydrogen for fast flying. 

Another way is to use hydrogen and oxygen that are stored in the ammunition. When those gasses make a mixture in the grenade or bomb that can be used as normal explosives. Chinese solved the problem by using a metal alloy called magnesium hydride. That metal alloy delivers hydrogen very fast. These kinds of weapons are very dangerous because they are very easy to make. 

https://in.mashable.com/science/93039/china-tests-non-nuclear-hydrogen-bomb-with-fireball-lasting-15-times-longer-than-tnt

https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/21/china-hydrogen-bomb-test/

Monday, April 21, 2025

Can the universe and black hole decay?


The image above introduces the cosmic gamma-ray background. The idea of the universe's decay is from that image. The energy seems focused in the middle of the image's equator. And if that is the major element of the entire universe that energy can push the universe into two different pieces or make it decay. 

Theoretically is possible that there are or can form two giant whirls in the universe. That form extremely large gravity centers in the universe. Those gravity centers can rip the universe into two parts. 

When we think about energy there must be something that puts energy flow. In static and stable systems energy will not flow. But the thing is that the black holes are virtually stable. 

That means black holes are spinning. That means. When their core structure spins that core binds energy inside it. 

The thing that makes black holes hard to see is that. The energy wall surrounds them. 

The black hole is invisible to outsiders because its event horizon has a higher energy level than its core. When we think about the sombrero. Model or Higgs field model the black hole's center is a fast-spinning object. That pulls energy inside it when it spins. 

The energy ditch surrounds that structure. And then the black hole's material disk forms the energy hill or energy collar around the event horizon. That means the black hole and other particles are not just like a simple sombrero. There are multiple energy ditches around particles. And that structure is called Schrödinger's hat. 

Is the universe unstable, and can it decay somewhere in the future? The universe is one of the biggest things that we can imagine. The question about the universe's decay depends on the asymmetry in the Higgs field. In a young universe, the Higgs field was symmetric. 

And unstable entirety. The Higgs field model is that famous "sombrero". And when the Big Bang happened. That field was very symmetrical. But then. There form so-called gravity centers. That caused asymmetry in that field. That asymmetry makes the universe look like some kind of amoeba rather than any pure geometrical shape. 



The Sombrero model is a simpler model of the Higgs field model. 

When the first radiation was released from the Big Bang, there were no other fields. The Higgs field traveled over nothing. 

Because there was nothing in the universe. There the Big Bang released material. Nothing limited the Higgs field expansion. The universe or matter and energy are released in a false vacuum. 

Wave movement in a false vacuum was so low energy. That it couldn't make a visible effect on the Higgs field. Then the Higgs field pushed energy to that wave movement. Forming a counter wave. 

There was no interaction between that increasing field and the "bottom". There was no energy ditch around the energy hills. When the first particles formed. 

Or that energy ditch was asymmetrical. 

When those first particles form. The lack of energy ditch caused the energy hills to fall. 

The energy ditch around the particle makes it stable. 


And if the outer shell of that structure goes too far. That can cause a situation where the particle falls from its energy hill. Or the entire energy hill falls to another side. In models, the particle can never be symmetrical. And that asymmetry causes energy flow in that structure. 



Schrödinger's hat is a completed and sharper model of the Higgs field model. The multiple energy ditch and hill structure denies the energy hill fall. Without that structure, energy hill falls immediately. "A matter wave hitting a Schrödinger’s hat. The wave inside the container is magnified. Outside, the waves wrap as if they had never encountered any obstacle. Credit: G. Uhlmann, U. of Washington" (ScitechDaily, Schrödinger’s Hat” Conceals Matter Waves Inside an Invisible Container)

That is introduced as the form of the universe. When we think of the sombrero model the particles are at the top of the energy hill in the middle of that structure, energy ditch, or lower energy level surrounds that energy hill. All energy that some particle releases doesn't travel through the bottom of the ditch. They can travel over that ditch without going to the bottom. 

But there is the possibility that some other small particle will fall into that energy ditch. That means those particles lose their energy when they come to the edge of that ditch. When energy travels over that ditch the particle forms the "hill" in that ditch. The energy that travels straight over the ditch interacts with that particle. The energy moves always in similar ways. 


"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space." (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

When a particle's energy level rises higher than its environmental energy level. It sends that wave movement into its environment. 

And then, if the particle is in the energy ditch. That causes a situation in which energy cannot move away from that ditch. That forms the standing wave. When energy reflects between the particle and the slope of the ditch.

That forms a situation in which the particle collects energy until it can release it. And that happens only. If the particle's energy level is higher than the edge of the energy ditch. This thing forms another energy hill in the sombrero. That second energy hill and the standing wave between those energy hills just distort those energy hills away from them. 

So, when we think about the possibility that the universe decays that requires that there is some other mass center. 



"A black hole, even in radio wavelengths alone, will exhibit a large number of different features owing to the bending of light by the curved space surrounding the black hole. Some of the material from behind the black hole, some of the material from in front of the black hole, and some photons from all around it will be bent and sent off along any particular line-of-sight. No radiation generated by quantum processes outside the event horizon, known as Hawking radiation, has ever been detected." (BigThink, How come we’ve never observed a black hole decaying?)

Same way the black holes decay if they form another gravity center in the black hole. Or that another gravity center must form inside the event horizon. 

When we think about things like black hole decay. There is the possibility that black holes can also decay. The idea is that when a black hole increases its spin speed. 

That increases its energy level. So, when the spin of the black hole rises. It grows. It's possible that inside the black hole's event horizon can form a whirl. Or a black hole can eat another black hole. There is another center in the black hole. The black hole's internal structure is like an onion. The gravity field turns stronger. That is the simpler way to explain complicated things. 

When an object closes the black hole. It pulls that object inside the event horizon with the entire form of material and energy that travels into its center. But when an object closes a black hole center. The energy flow that comes back from the object presses the object to the black hole's center. When another black hole impacts a more massive black hole it can form another gravity center in its event horizon. 

That thing can start to pull material and energy into it. And that can pull information flow away from the black hole's singularity or energy tornado. In other cases. The particles that are stuck in the point of the event horizon slows the black hole's spin. That pulls fields away from the black hole's center. That thing can cause an effect. That the black hole's core structure decays. When the black hole's core decays energy or information can travel between those cores. And that makes the black hole decay. 


https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/never-observe-black-hole-decay/


https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-fundamentally-unstable/


https://scitechdaily.com/schrodingers-hat-conceals-matter-waves-inside-an-invisible-container/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe



Dark matter might not be as dark as we believed.

 



"A new “cosmic radio” detector could soon pick up signals from axions — potential dark matter particles — bringing scientists closer than ever to solving the mystery of the unseen mass in our universe. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter May Be a Frequency – And We’re About to Dial It In)

Because dark matter can have size its radiation has wavelength. Dark matter can have a frequency. And it's possible that researchers can detect it. The problem is that nobody knows the size of the hypothetical WIMP, weakly interacting massive particles. That can explain dark matter. But the question is: how can the matter turn "dark"? The Higgs field model. A so-called "sombrero model" can answer that question.  The idea is that all particles in the universe are in the top of a form that looks like a sombrero. The particle is on the energy hill and the energy ditch surrounds that particle. 

That structure is one of the reasons. Why do the particles turn into wave movement?  The energy falls from the energy hill to the energy ditch. And sooner or later that energy can fill that ditch. In that case, the particle's existence as particle ends. When energy travels out from a particle it must fall first to the energy ditch and then rise to the outer edge of the structure. 

Otherwise, if the energy level outside the particle or that sombrero structure is higher.

It travels into the structure. And finally to the particle. 




But before that energy must travel across the energy ditch. If energy hits straight to the particle without following the shape of that ditch. It will hit particles with a higher energy level. When energy will not follow the shape of the ditch it will not release its energy to the structure. 

Long-wave radiation jumps over the energy ditch straight to the particle. And that is one of the reasons. Why longwave radiation is more destructive than shortwave radiation. 

Then it must rise to another side of that ditch. Energy is always on the move. It always travels to the lower energy area. 

Can we see the particle? That depends on one thing. The particle that is the energy hill must be higher than the edge of the energy ditch. When a particle spins or rotates it ties energy in itself. Energy cannot come from emptiness. A particle that spins on the energy hill pulls energy from that hill and transforms it into kinetic energy. When a particle pulls energy from the energy hill it turns the energy hill lower. When we think about the situation that particle turns invisible. 

It collects so much energy inside it that it falls below the edge of the "sombrero". In that case is possible that energy starts to travel over that pothole. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. Maybe there is a small energy hill or collar around that structure. There is a possibility that this energy collar gives a small echo but it's so weak that we cannot separate that from around it. 


https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-may-be-a-frequency-and-were-about-to-dial-it-in/

Sunday, April 20, 2025

So, did JWST find life from exoplanet K2-18b?


"Scientists using JWST have spotted life-linked molecules on a distant exoplanet, matching signs we only see on Earth from living organisms. The evidence isn’t final, but it’s compelling — and could change everything. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

"They’ve detected sulfur-based molecules in the atmosphere of exoplanet K2-18b that, on Earth, are only produced by living organisms. While the evidence isn’t conclusive yet, it matches predictions for a “Hycean” world — one potentially covered in oceans and capable of hosting microbial life. If further observations confirm these findings, it could mark a turning point in our search for extraterrestrial life." (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

The fact is this. The exoplanet K2-18b gives the strongest mark of life ever. Another fact is that the exoplanet is far away from Earth. Confirming the alien organism or denying it requires a visit to that planet. And that is too far in the future. Some researchers say that it's possible to make dimethyl sulfide from non-organic sources in laboratories. The counterargument is this. Are the university laboratories the same thing as the exoplanet's atmosphere? 

The thing is that the exoplanet K2-18b gave a suspicion. That there can be lifeforms. 

Confirming those life forms is very difficult. So, the K2-18b remains a mystery and is the best candidate for life harbor that researchers have. 


"Astronomers have detected the most promising signs yet of a possible biosignature outside the solar system, although they remain cautious. Using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the astronomers, led by the University of Cambridge, have detected the chemical fingerprints of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and/or dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), in the atmosphere of the exoplanet K2-18b, which orbits its star in the habitable zone. Credit: A. Smith, N. Madhusudhan (University of Cambridge)"  (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

And that is one of the things that can make the alien hunt interesting. The algae and dummy aliens like bacteria don't mean that our existence as the lone or only known intelligent species ends. 

Even if. The K2-18b has some alien species in its oceans. 

That doesn't mean that. We can interact with those species. 

Interaction requires intelligence. We cannot interact with some snail on the exoplanet. 

So even if we find life forms from that exoplanet and those lifeforms are some kind of snails. That means we are still alone. 

But the intelligent lifeforms can be harder to find than we even think. The intelligent lifeform might not answer our signals. They might be the same way carefully. And scared to answer the suspicious as we are. Those aliens might think about the SETI program the same way as we think. They must be in the same way, afraid of the first contact as we are. 

And maybe those hypothetical aliens' first contact with other civilizations is with humans or us. They don't either know what kind of civilization sends signals. They don't have any knowledge of us. Just like. We will not have any knowledge of them. 

And if we see the alien message. There is always the possibility. That we face some kind of trap. In the worst case, the bullet that travels light speed ends our existence. That is one a very good point about that discussion. 


https://scitechdaily.com/are-we-finally-not-alone-webb-detects-lifes-signature-on-distant-ocean-planet/

Researchers found the universe's missing material.


"An artist's impression of the Milky Way's hydrogen halo, with the Magellanic Clouds at eight o'clock. (NASA/CXC/M.Weiss; NASA/CXC/Ohio State/A. Gupta et al) (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

"A new analysis of the sky has finally confirmed where the missing half of the Universe's visible matter has been hiding." (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

"In the space around galaxies, it lurks as huge, invisible clouds of ionized hydrogen. Normally, this would be impossible to see – but a large international team of astronomers and astrophysicists has developed a technique that reveals its hiding places, out there in the darkness amidst the stars." (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

The galaxy's hydrogen halo can be far bigger than the galaxy itself. There is lots of material in it. 

Half of the universe's material is somewhere, and now researchers found it. That matter is ionized hydrogen around galaxies. The ionized hydrogen around galaxies can be ionic. Or in some cases an anion type. As we know. That the hydrogen ion is a proton. That lost its electron. Radiation from galaxies can shoot electrons away from a proton's orbiter. 

There is also the possibility that radiation can push the proton and increase its energy level. That makes it possible that two (or maybe more)electrons can orbit the proton. The ion where atoms lose one or more electrons is a more common form than the anion. 

The matter around galaxies can hide because the shine of galaxies and quasars is so bright. The radiation that comes from galaxies and quasars reflects from those protons. In normal cases, the radiation reflects from the atom. That is far larger than a proton. 

When the particle receives radiation, its energy level rises until it turns higher than its environment. In that case, energy starts to flow away from the proton. The proton sends radiation in a wavelength that is the same as its size. Same way. Protonic radiation is the reflection radiation. Neutron radiation is radiation that comes or reflects from neutrons. In neutron bombs small hydrogen bomb sends radiation into neutrons. 

Then that radiation reflects out from the neutron. That forms very shortwave and penetrating radiation. The same thing happens to protons that receive radiation from galaxies. Proton takes radiation into its quantum field. When the proton's energy level rises higher level than incoming radiation it sends that radiation as a reflection. 

It's possible that. In some cases radiation. That the proton reflects can travel past the particle. In some very extreme models the weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP is so small particle. Or its shape is so different that radiation slides over it without affecting its quantum field. Or maybe the quantum field that surrounds the WIMP will not send so strong reflection that astronomers can separate the reflection from the background. 

The proton sends radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the hydrogen. This makes that reflection radiation harder to see than the reflection that comes from hydrogen. 

When we think about the black hole's interactions between material the material that is locked to the point of the event horizon transports energy out from the black hole. When a black hole's spin accelerates it pulls energy inside it. The black hole ties energy from around it and then transforms it into kinetic energy. 

When a black hole's spin speed decreases that means the black hole releases its energy. The black hole's spin speed cannot change. 

If it cannot release or bind energy inside it. When a black hole releases its energy. That slows its speed. 

There is also the possibility that sometimes a black hole that pulls material inside it loses its contact with quantum fields and its material disk. In that case, the black hole sends gravitational waves and probably Hawking radiation. In the real universe, some particles might have a higher energy state than others. 


https://www.sciencealert.com/half-the-universes-matter-was-missing-astronomers-just-found-it

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