Lightsails are coming.

"In a potential step toward sending small spacecraft to the stars, researchers have developed an ultra-thin, ultra-reflective membrane designed to ride a column of laser light to incredible speeds. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Breakthrough Lightsail: Ultra-Thin, AI-Optimized, and Ready to Race to Alpha Centauri)

Ultra-thin and strong materials are things that can make a large solar- or lightsail true. Lightsails offer a cheap and easy way to transport spacecraft to the asteroid belt. Materials used in lightsails can offer a choice to take asteroids back to Earth. The vehicle uses lightsail to travel to the asteroid belt. Then that lightsail turns into a bag and the craft wraps the asteroid. And then it can ignite its rocket. 

Theoretically, solar- or light sails can even travel to Alpha Centauri. The lightsail gets its energy from the sun. The particle flow from the sun pushes that system out from the sun. The system can use magnetized materials to collect those ions more effectively. And there can be lasers on its road that shoot laser impulses to a lightsail. However, the magnetized material allows to use of ion cannons that shoot ions to the lightsail. Thin magnets can collect those particles into the sail. The lightsail can research the solar system. 

And ions give more power. In the most powerful version called "Medusa," the system uses a lightsail in the inner solar system. There are thermonuclear bombs like hydrogen bombs on the sails route. Those nuclear bombs can be shot to those positions using different spacecraft. And when lightsail travels past them those systems will be detonated. That gives punch to that spacecraft on the journey to Proxima Centauri. 

Lightsails are very large structures. If that material is covered using metals the lightsail's sail structure can be used as a communication antenna. That makes it possible to create large-size radar antennas. And maybe in the future, that kind of system can research the solar system. The lightsail technology can also used in radio telescopes, radar, and electronic recon satellites.  

Radio telescopes and electronic recon satellites are the same systems. The large antenna can capture weak signals. So the next-generation electronic recon satellites can use lightsail's material technology in their structures.  The same materials can be used in large-scale weather-protecting structures on Earth.  They can be used to cover camps and even yards in everyday life. 

https://scitechdaily.com/breakthrough-lightsail-ultra-thin-ai-optimized-and-ready-to-race-to-alpha-centauri/

Writing about machine view. (That's a multipurpose tool)

 

The same system that recognizes and sorts garbage can also recognize everything else that we teach it to recognize. 

What else would you do with the system that we can teach to recognize and sort garbage? What if that system sends information about that item to some central? What if the system sends the location where that garbage is? We can teach the system to recognize things like drug syringes and then that thing sends the image and location to the center. The system can see if some person carries a gun and then send that information and the image to the central. The same system can also used to select things from the warehouse. And then the person can sort them into the right boxes. 

Many AI products are double-use. This software can be used for many purposes. And when we think that the software is made for some normal things like recognizing garbage and then giving instructions where to put that carbage we face another interesting thing. If we should teach the AI that thing we can also teach the same AI many other things. The AI doesn't think. That means we can take images of people from the TV or net. And then we can use those images to recognize people from the streets. We can teach that system to recognize almost everything. It can recognize cars, people, and many other things. 

Those algorithms might officially used for some other purposes. But the same system that can recognize and sort garbage. Can recognize and sort everything else. The thing is that we can teach that same system to recognize and sort almost everything. And that kind of system can also serve law enforcement and military work. 

When we make a system that recognizes something and puts it into the right locker, we can make a system. There that functions and activates some handler. The machine view just activates some action when it sees something that matches with some image. 

The purpose where we can use software that recognizes things like bottles or garbage and send that information to the city garbage unit can be used to recognize things like vehicles and cannons and send that information to the military leaders. The same software can recognize plastic bottles and sort them into the right recycling box. 

And it can also recognize tanks from the battlefield. And then that thing can even sort those tanks by their marks and types. Then the system can select the right ammunition to destroy that thing.  This kind of software is suitable for military work. As well as its original purpose is something else. 

Calculation power doesn't itself mean that the LLM turns into AGI.

When we think about large language models (LLM) and artificial general intelligence (AGI), we sometimes forget that AGI is an extended version of the LLM. The LLM can handle any mission. We can imagine that it has the right dataset. Then we face another thing. We sometimes forget that AGI just handles the data that it has. The system connects data into new forms like puzzles. To generate things the AI requires data that it puts in the new order. The biggest difference between AGI and LLM is the scale of questions that they can answer. The system is productive if it has data that it can handle. And that is one of the things that we must realize. 

The AI systems are impressive. But they are also computer systems. Those systems have two layers. The "iron" or physical layer. And software layer. The AI can run on separate programs or be integrated into the operating system.  Or the AI algorithms can operate on the kernel when the AI software is loaded into microchips. That thing can seem like "iron-based AI". But it is software, like all other AIs. 

When we think about AI and its shape. 

We must realize. That even the best systems like human brains are useless without information. 

The software sorts information like puzzles. We call that process using the name: "thinking". Human has two thinking speeds. The fast and slow. The slow is the analytic and the fast is like reflex. 

Computers are useless without programs. Those programs are algorithms that the AI uses to control data. The thing. That makes it hard to make cognitive AI seem simple to solve. 

We must make a system that learns like humans. And then mimic that process in the system. When we make a robot that reads a book and then stores that information in its memory we must realize that there are things like program code that the computer can handle quite easily. 

It simply sees the code and then compiles it with its data. The system sees the details or attributes that make the database controller search for the right database that involves the right programming language like C++ etc. But when the system must handle abstract or non-certain data there is a problem. When the system learns something by watching movies the system must put the data to match with things that it sees on streets. 

The problem is that the computer doesn't think. We can show anything like movies about some circus artists and tell that those people that the computer sees are "boxes". The computer can have details about things like boxes. But then it can connect those people in the database there are boxes. That might seem ridiculous. But that is possible. Same way if the robot gets the order to get the car. 

A robot walks to the street and takes the first car. If there is no program. That makes the robot choose only the car that its master owns. The robot doesn't itself make a difference between, a car, lorry, van, or truck. For a robot, they are all cars. So if the robot must get the car to take some sand, it can go to the nearest car and then take it. Then robot can simply put sand on the trunk. The robot must have information about what type of vehicle it needs. For carrying sand. 

That means we must also develop programs. That we can create AI that doesn't make surprises. The large language models are quite a new tool. Advancing is fast. But then we must realize that the road to the AGI can be longer than we expect. Or it can become a reality sooner than we expected. And then we must also understand that there is not a single person that can ask all possible questions in the world. The human's knowledge is limited to data. That human is stored. And there is no "General person" who knows everything in the world. 

Writing about drying the Colorado River and the ancient Mars.

"Water managers have overestimated the Colorado River’s water supply because warmer, drier springs reduce rainfall, causing plants to consume more of the snowmelt instead of it reaching the streams. New research shows that nearly 70% of the water shortfall is due to this shift, challenging current water prediction models." ScitechDaily, Vanishing Water Mystery: Scientists Uncover Why the Colorado River Is Running Dry)

Let's start with the Colorado River which has less water than should. There is the possibility that warming temperature increases vaporization. But, what really happens? Some parts of the Colorado River flow in the canyon. When the temperature around the thin Canyon Valley rises. That temperature rising causes the air around the canyon to start to rise. That decreases the pressure in the canyon. When the pressure decreases. That decreases the boiling point. 

When water flows over some stones. That causes an effect. Some part of the water flow is in low pressure. When water direction travels over some other water layer. That can cause even a vacuum between those layers. And that means the water will boil at a very low temperature. When air will not push water back into the flow. That releases water molecules into the air. So maybe low pressure in the canyon has some kind of role in this phenomenon. 

And then to Mars...

"Pale rocks found on Mars by NASA’s Perseverance rover contain kaolinite, a mineral that forms in warm, wet environments, suggesting the planet may have once been much more hospitable to life. Scientists are intrigued by this unexpected discovery, which hints at a wetter, potentially life-supporting past on the Red Planet. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Alien Clues in Strange Martian Stone: Scientists Stunned by Rover Discovery)

The rover picked up an interesting stone on planet Mars. That stone has been under ancient water. And it can hold the clues of life. There is the possibility that some of those stones that were underwater in Mars's past can hold the bacteria remnants that can recognized as bacteria. 

Today planet Mars is a cold and hostile place. In the past, there could be some kind of prokaryotes. The meteorite is known as Allan Hills (ALH) 84001. 

There are stones on Earth that can be from the planet Mars. There are some structures. That looks like some kind of bacteria that can form the chains. The counter-argument is that those structures are too small being modern bacteria. But when we think about the first primitive organisms they didn't have mitochondria or nuclei. 

Electron microscopy revealed chain structures resembling living organisms in meteorite fragment ALH84001 (Wikipedia, Allan Hills 84001)

They were prokaryotes that got their energy from geothermic temperature. Those very primitive organisms did not have all the organelles. That modern bacteria have. So that causes discussions about those structures of the Allan Hills 84001. 

The origin of those bacteria is unknown because when those meteorites came through the atmosphere. When those meteorites impact Antarctica there is the possibility that this temperature made some bacteria travel to those meteorites. 

https://scitechdaily.com/vanishing-water-mystery-scientists-uncover-why-the-colorado-river-is-running-dry/

https://scitechdaily.com/alien-clues-in-strange-martian-stone-scientists-stunned-by-rover-discovery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

The code of quantum entanglement is broken.

  

"Scientists have unlocked the full statistical fingerprint of quantum entanglement, enabling device testing without needing to know how those devices work. Credit: J-D Bancal (IPhT)" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

"Physicists have made a major leap in our understanding of quantum entanglement by fully mapping out the statistics it can produce – essentially decoding the language of the quantum world." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

"This breakthrough reveals how the bizarre but powerful correlations in quantum systems can be used to test, secure, and certify the behavior of quantum devices, all without knowing their inner workings. The ability to self-test even partially entangled systems now opens doors to more robust quantum communication, encryption, and computing methods. It’s a game-changer for both fundamental physics and real-world quantum tech." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

Because particles spin in opposite directions in the quantum entanglement that causes the counter-wave in the quantum string. Another thing that limits quantum computers is this: quantum entanglement is successful only between photons and the photon's spin is one. And the other particle's spin is 1/2. When the particle turns in the opposite direction the quantum string jumps out from its shell. The only known particle that spins is 1 is a photon. 

 

"A moiré pattern formed by two units of parallel lines, one unit rotated 5° clockwise relative to the other" (Wikipedia, Moiré pattern)

When a particle makes a superposition with some other particle it starts to transmit information to that other particle. That process looks like the belt travels between pulleys. If pulleys rotate back and forth. That makes it hard to put and keep that belt close enough to the pulleys. In quantum entanglement, the string that carries information looks like that belt. That belt must also be at a higher energy level. So that it can transfer information to the receiving particle. 

The ability to search the event is important. To control that event the system requires that it knows all things. About that event. The most important effect. In the modern computing is the quantum entanglement. The quantum computers require quantum entanglement for their operations. And the problem is that if something sends energy impulses to the middle of the superpositioned particle pairs.

The problem with quantum entanglement is the heat that raises the temperature in the quantum string that transfers data from the sender to the receiver. The problem with quantum entanglement and its control is that it's impossible to transmit data between sender and receiver without any outcoming effects. Another thing is that the effect called: the Moiré effect, or Moiré patterns causes 100% of data not to reach the receiver. Because in the Moiré pattern, the other particle or pattern moves opposite to the other. Causing quantum noise. 

The effect is similar to an event where two plate drums rotate oppositely. If one plate drum touches another a little bit skewed that turns another drum and skews it oppositely. That causes the noise. Same way two superpositioned and entangled particles cause quantum noise. That wave movement is like the thing that travels in the opposite direction than the quantum strings.  

The Moiré effect means that when particles turn into superposition and make the quantum entanglement between them the quantum string pushes the receiving particle a little bit. That thing makes that particle pair act like Moiré patterns. Because those particles or patterns are turned oppositely to each other. That forms the standing wave between those structures. That standing wave that forms between quantum entanglement, or superpositioned and entangled particle pairs stretches those quantum strings. 

The ability to predict quantum entanglement and its behavior is the thing. That the high-power quantum computers require. To turn themselves more effective. Cracking the code of quantum engagement is the key to better understanding quantum systems. When we create quantum systems. We must realize. That there is always entropy. The growing entropy destroys all quantum systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-crack-the-hidden-code-of-quantum-entanglement/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern

Will LLM lead to artificial general intelligence, AGI?

"Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a type of highly autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) intended to match or surpass human capabilities across most or all economically valuable cognitive work. This contrasts with narrow AI, which is limited to specific tasks.[1] Artificial superintelligence (ASI), on the other hand, refers to AGI that greatly exceeds human cognitive capabilities. AGI is considered one of the definitions of strong AI." (Wikipedia, Artificial general intelligence)

When we think about the AGI and its relationship with humans we can say that the AGI is only an extremely large language model, LLM. That means that to turn into AGI the LLM requires only an extremely large database structure. That kind of database structure is hard to drive. But it's possible. The AGI makes "droplets" of the small language model, SML for each mission. 

We can put all our equipment under the control of the large language model, LLM. Those systems require the computer and socket that the LLM can use to control them. In the traditional model, every single device and system. that we have can involve the computer the system that drives the vehicle on the road or cleans our house. The artificial general intelligence, AGI requires those sockets to control the vehicle. When the user says "Car come here" the AGI locates the person. And gives instructions to the vehicle that drives to pick up the person. 

In that model, the AGI requires that we update all things. That we have. But then we can make another way to create things. That thing is a humanoid robot that has an extremely large database structure. That system can operate in every situation that we can. So, we can say that the AGI is only a large-scale LLM. The robot has only a small computer. However, the internet allows it to communicate with data centers. When a robot gets a new mission the data center generates the data structure or dataset that the robot needs. 

And then creates a more limited, but compact database for that robot. In that model, the LLM creates a series of SLMs to make the robot operate in situations like visiting shops. 

The robot can use three, or four datasets in that mission. 

First, the robot must go out. Then it deletes the "home" dataset and uploads the "walk to shop dataset". 

At the shop, the robot changes the dataset to "operate at the shop". 

Then it changes the dataset to "go home and carry things that you bought". And finally, the last needed dataset involves data that the robot must do when it takes its shopping to the kitchen. In this model, every skill. That the robot has a different database structure or dataset. The central computer cuts a small part of its master data to the dataset series that the robot needs for missions. The humanoid robot is the thing. That can use all kinds of stuff. 

The system can use old-fashioned cars, trucks, and hovering machines. And we can say that the humanoid robot is the socket that can connect everything to the Internet. The robot can use machine learning to find new skills. If a robot must fix the TV it must only know the model of the TV. And then it makes checks like cable checks and other things. Just like humans. 

When we talk about AGI we must realize that even humans cannot do everything. We need to practice everything. When we face some system that is unknown to us, we must read instructions. When a robot learns something it creates a new dataset. And if some data center handles thousands of robots one of them can learn new things and then the system can scale that dataset all over the network. 

Will LLM lead to artificial general intelligence, AGI? That is a good question. The answer depends on what we mean about the AGI. If we think about the situation we can use every single vehicle, that we see. From microwave ovens to taxi cars and street sweeper robots using the AI that asks when we want that street sweeper to clean our yard and robot taxi when it comes to get us we can say that the LLM can be the AGI. The street-sweeping robot can also ask if we need help with our baggage and maybe that same robot can cut our hair. 

Then we must say that the robot that we see in front of us can make everything that we ask. It can turn to cab drivers cutting our hair cleaning our homes and making pizza for us. That kind of robot has a large scale of skills that it can use in every situation. Every skill that a robot has is a database in a large database structure. The central computer can upload the right dataset to a robot. That it controls. 

When we think about the order "pick up my baggage and take them to the car and then drive car to pick me up". The fast internet makes it possible to download and change needed datasets in the robot computer's memory. In that case, the AI. That control's robot. Creates a small language model, SLM for each stage of the mission. The SLM is a compact, reflex version of the LLM. The system can use SLM in cases where the robot requires fast reactions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-computers-just-got-smart-enough-to-study-their-own-entanglement/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence

The mystery of Mars is growing.

"This graphic shows the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane. These are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date. They were detected in a drilled rock sample called “Cumberland” that was analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars lab inside the belly of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The rover, whose selfie is on the right side of the image, has been exploring Gale Crater since 2012. An image of the Cumberland drill hole is faintly visible in the background of the molecule chains. Credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily, Life on Mars? NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Prebiotic Clues in a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock)

The new observations about Martian rocks uncover long carbon molecules. Those molecules can be the remnants of ancient life. Or maybe some other thing formed them. When probes research red planet. we can see ancient lakes and rivers. 

Today those lakes and rivers are all gone. The reason for that is that the Mars' atmosphere is very thin. And that allows cosmic radiation to impact Mars's surface. 

There could be bacteria or proto-bacteria on that planet. But then some cosmic catastrophe like an impact with some big asteroid or protoplanet blew lots of material from the red planet to space. And it's possible that this impact also pushed Mars away from its original place. But was Mars closer, or outer from the sun? That is a good question. Another good question is: how big Mars was before those cosmic catastrophes? There were many catastrophes in the Mars-planet youth. 

"A view of Mars’s north polar cap, reconstructed from various spacecraft data. The spiral troughs that dissect the cap are visible. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

This river delta looks like a pituitary gland. "Glacier-like features, where a mass of material appears to have flowed downhill between two ridges, hint at where ice probably accumulated in the past in the mid-latitudes of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

"A close-up of Mars’ south pole shows a thick ice cap, thought to be made up of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/Bill Dunford" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

We see only the last version of that planet. The Mars planet didn't form the entire Asteroid belt. But there can be some remnants of the Mars-planet's ancient lithosphere. Those river and lake remnants are formed after the last catastrophe. And it's possible that the cosmic ice ball hit Mars at that time. That causes interesting thinking experiments. The Mars planet's gravity is very weak. If we compare it to Earth's gravity. 

That means the cosmic snowball would not heat so much as if it hit Earth.  So those cosmic snowballs can carry protobacteria to Mars. The big problem is this. Where came from water. What formed those ancient lakes and rivers come from? If we think that the red planet has been heavier and bigger before it lost its lithosphere. 

So, did the planet Mars impact with the icy moon or some icy dwarf planet like Jupiter's Europa moon? That can explain those ancient lakes and rivers. If Mars really lost its lithosphere in some impact it should vaporize the water and throw that water, what existed before the impact to space. 

We know that the biggest asteroid Ceres is mainly water. So there should be other ice asteroids in the asteroid belt. The depth of those oceans is unknown. But if the water that formed the Martian lakes and rivers remnants we see came from somewhere else the best candidate can be the water dwarf planet like Europa. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/ghost-rivers-hidden-lakes-the-long-search-for-water-on-mars/

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-prebiotic-clues-in-a-3-7-billion-year-old-rock/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Internal_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

The new tools are improving communication and microchip technology.

"Schematic of chiral terahertz generation and control: A femtosecond laser interacts with a patterned spintronic emitter, producing elliptically or circularly polarized terahertz waves. Rotating the emitter adjusts the polarization, while built-in electric fields—formed by charge accumulation at the pattern’s edges—control the amplitude and phase differences. Credit: Q. Yang et al., 10.1117/1.AP.7.2.026007" (ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)

"A revolutionary new spintronic device developed in China enables powerful, precise control of terahertz (THz) wave polarization, without the need for bulky external components."(ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)

Terahertz radiation and laser technology can boost microchip technology. And robotics with communication. Terahertz radiation is non-ionizing. That means it doesn't disturb its environment like radio waves do. This makes it a suitable tool for miniature microchips. Terahertz communication doesn't cause electromagnetic turbulence the same way as some radio waves. 

And terahertz radiation doesn't interact with radio waves. That gives that radiation a very high accuracy in communication. Coherent terahertz radiation makes it possible to create a safe communication tool. The terahertz stripes can make the terahertz masers possible. And terahertz-radiation masers are tools that can make very highly accurate communication possible. 

Another interesting tool is the miniature laser system. That system can allow to making of new types of microchips. Things like drones can also communicate by using small lasers. Both terahertz-masers and miniature lasers can make it possible to create smaller drones than ever before. Those systems allow the drone to use radio-wave-based energy transmission. Those new drones can be like some kind of smoke that can travel in the air. 

"Deep ultraviolet solid-state laser with a compact setup generates a vortex at 193 nm wavelength. Credit: H. Xuan (GBA branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences)"

"A new solid-state laser produces 193-nm light for precision chipmaking and even creates vortex beams with orbital angular momentum – a first that could transform quantum tech and manufacturing." (ScitechDaily,Scientists Create Compact Laser That Could Revolutionize Chipmaking and Quantum Devices)

Miniaturized laser technology is a tool that can make miniature drones to fight against things like bacteria. Those drones can capture and analyze any bacteria that they see. Laser systems can cut the DNA into the wanted bites. 

Miniature lasers can cut the cell organelles and that system makes it possible for the system to cut things like molecules at certain points. The nano-drones can operate in the nanotechnology factory. They can carry proteins and other things into the right places. That is one way to think about the nanofactory. The nanofactory can be the tank where the chemical environment is very accurately controlled. 

The nanomachines swim in the chemically controlled liquid. Then they can carry DNA or other molecules at certain points in the structure. Those nanomachines can look like smoke when they operate in that environment. The advanced AI and quantum computers control that nanorobot swarm. The robot swarm can get its energy from light or some radiowaves. In that system, the normal light can give energy to the nanomachine's photovoltaic cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-compact-laser-that-could-revolutionize-chipmaking-and-quantum-devices/

 https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-stripes-unlock-powerful-terahertz-control-for-faster-data-and-sharper-scans/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation

New drones can listen to underwater communication.

"Researchers from Princeton and MIT developed a way to intercept underwater messages from the air using radar, overturning long held assumptions about the security of underwater transmissions. Credit: Princeton University/Office of Engineering Communications" (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)

"Cross-medium eavesdropping technology challenges long-held assumptions about the security of underwater communications." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)

"Researchers from Princeton and MIT have developed a method to intercept underwater communications from the air, challenging long-standing beliefs about the security of underwater transmissions." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)

"The team created a device that uses radar to eavesdrop on underwater acoustic signals, or sonar, by decoding the tiny vibrations those signals produce on the water’s surface. In principle, the technique could also roughly identify the location of an underwater transmitter, the researchers said." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)

New MIT drones can use radars to see submarines. They can hear the underwater messages. Submarines are used to communicate with each other. Drones can also connect themselves to the submarine's hull. They can slip into the harbor and then connect themselves to submarines. 

Those drones can hear everything inside the submarine. This is why submarines should have a vacuum layer between the inner and outer hulls. That vacuum layer makes it harder to hear things. That the crew says in the submarine. That vacuum can also decrease the noise from its engines. 

Drones can endanger privacy in many ways. They can take images of buildings. They can hear what people say in their rooms. They can carry normal and laser microphones in the houses. They can see through clothes using IR cameras. Drones can also put sensors on the data cables they can take images on screens. Drones can carry plasma- and spectroscopic sensors that allow them to see things like chemical compounds of the fuel, by analyzing exhaust gas.

By shooting targets using low-power laser systems, the plasma sensor sees the chemical compounds of the materials. So those drones can see many things. That humans cannot see.

But drones can also hear underwater communication. They can use acoustic microphones (hydrophones) to hear things. Like acoustic messages from submarines. Those systems can also hear sounds from the submarine engines and propellers. There is a possibility that the underwater drone travels near the submarine and connects itself to the submarine's hull. That allows those drones to hear everything that people say in the submarine. New drones can operate airborne and underwater. And they can operate in many ways against the enemy. 

Advanced acoustic detectors can also use laser beams and radar systems to see how water molecules move. Those miniaturized systems can perform almost the same missions as manned helicopters. 

The underwater drone can also use things like hollow warhead detonators to damage the submarine's outer shell. Those small drones can make holes in the hull like torpedo tube hatches. And they can damage submarine communication masts. Drones can also have acoustic transmitters that uncover the submarine's positions. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/not-so-secure-drones-can-now-listen-to-underwater-messages/

How to decrease the computer's time to run databases?

"“Tiny pointers,” which show the way to a piece of stored data, inspired the creation of a new kind of faster hash table." (Quanta, Undergraduate Upends a 40-Year-Old Data Science Conjecture)

"A young computer scientist and two colleagues show that searches within data structures called hash tables can be much faster than previously deemed possible." (Quanta, Undergraduate Upends a 40-Year-Old Data Science Conjecture)

"Sometime in the fall of 2021, Andrew Krapivin, an undergraduate at Rutgers University, encountered a paper that would change his life. At the time, Krapivin didn’t give it much thought. But two years later, when he finally set aside time to go through the paper (“just for fun,” as he put it), his efforts would lead to a rethinking of a widely used tool in computer science." (Quanta, Undergraduate Upends a 40-Year-Old Data Science Conjecture)

"The paper’s title, “Tiny Pointers (opens a new tab),” referred to arrowlike entities that can direct you to a piece of information, or element, in a computer’s memory. Krapivin soon came up with a potential way to further miniaturize the pointers so they consumed less memory. However, to achieve that, he needed a better way of organizing the data that the pointers would point to." (Quanta, Undergraduate Upends a 40-Year-Old Data Science Conjecture)

There was no use for that idea. 

However, the tiny pointers can help to create more effective databases. 

In the cases. That the system must handle even billions of database tables. There is the possibility that the query has two stages. 

The database tables are sorted under big pointers like boxes. 

There the tables that involve similar data are. The system uses pointers like maps. The main query is sent to the database cells or boxes. 

These tables are under certain topics. Those boxes are like cities. There are streets. That shows the system where it should find the right data. 

Then the subsystem searches the database from the street, blocks, and finally from the door number.

Or the system can search for the right thing. Using the name. But a tiny pointer turns that name to the door number. 

When somebody makes a query like "Where are the BMW gearboxes"?The system can search for the right table and event handler by using an algorithm. 

That connects the query words like "automobiles" to the box or door A21. There are databases. That handles cars and their spare parts. The system must have a connection for the words "cars" and "automobiles". 

But there is another way to sort the database. That is a straight line like a card file. The tables can be sorted like this. The tablet that responds to an event that requires the fastest reaction is the first. This kind of linear database can act as the system that should act as reflexes. 

When a computer user creates or uses a database. That requires a query. The query makes the program find the right table from the database structure. The problem is how the database program finds those tables. In professional database work, database creators keep every table as small as possible. 

The system must search all databases until it finds the right one. The system checks keywords from the query. 

Then it tries to find matching words from the database. This thing means that the system might compile the entire database structure to find the right tables. And in the worst case. That table is the last one on the list. This means that the system uses x-time for the database structure and the limit of the is the time that the system uses with each table. 

That time seems meaningless. Until we face an extremely complicated database structure. When there are billions of tables the time that the system uses databases compiling turns longer. 

If the query has no straight match in database keywords. That causes problems. Grammar errors can cause problems in the system match queries and tables. 

Especially if it requires very fast reactions. This kind of database is artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence means that in the large language model, LLM the user makes similar queries for the system. Then the system searches for the right table and data from the hard disk or the Internet. In the AI that controls physical robots and operates as an independent system, the query is replaced by the details of the things there the system must react to. When the system sees something it searches matches from the database. 

In that case, those databases must be sorted under the tiny marks. But the system must sort them like in boxes. On all boxes have etiquette. Like "response for traffic evens". That makes the system search the files very fast. 

The morphing neural system can make that process more effective. There certain boxes are under certain computers. The system routes the query to all of those computers. And they can search databases like card files. 

Then those tiny pointers are under one bigger pointer. That makes it easier to respond to things that require fast reactions. The morphing neural network can sort databases that involve certain types of reactions under certain big marks. 

The system can sort databases so that. The table that requires the fastest reaction place is the first in the line. 

That makes the system more effective. As you see small databases don't need special arrangements. 

 https://www.quantamagazine.org/undergraduate-upends-a-40-year-old-data-science-conjecture-20250210/?utm_source=flipboard&utm_content=topic%2Fsoftwaredevelopment

The new quantum computers can beat supercomputers.

"A quantum computer has been used to generate and certify truly random numbers, something classical computers can’t do, paving the way for unhackable encryption. Credit: SciTechDaily.com (ScitechDaily, A 56-Qubit Quantum Computer Just Did What No Supercomputer Can)

Researchers have achieved a major quantum computing breakthrough: certified randomness, a process where a quantum computer generates truly random numbers, which are then proven to be genuinely random by classical supercomputers." (ScitechDaily, A 56-Qubit Quantum Computer Just Did What No Supercomputer Can)

The problem with classical computer-based encryption is that those systems cannot make real random numbers. Classical computers handle numbers as lines. The system generates a series of numbers using some algorithm, like the Riemann zeta function. 

The problem is that if the attacker knows the speed of a computer and the function that it uses it can even guess the number. There is the possibility to make the jumping algorithms, calculations that jump the point where the system picks the number back and forth. Quantum computers can create real random numbers. Or they can calculate those numeric lines in ways that the system can handle multiple points in the numeric lines at the same time. 

The ability to use complex numbers makes the system more flexible than regular binary numbers. When a system uses complex numbers for encryption those number's imaginal sequences make them hard for binary computers. Binary computers can make morphing neural networks. Where each computer or computer group handles its own imaginal sequences. A complex number is a number that can have multiple values at the same time. And that makes it hard for binary systems. 

The system must input those values at the same time to the keyhole that makes it unbreakable. The binary system cannot input multiple numeric values at the same moment. The quantum computer can send a qubit into the receiver and that thing allows it to transfer multiple numeric values into the receiver in the same moment.  

The fact is that quantum computers beat supercomputers only in the most complicated calculations. We can see the quantum computer's power in the most complicated hybrid models. The system must follow billions of objects and then compile their trajectories or other behaviors with calculations. One place where the quantum computer can be the best in business is quantum system development. Theoretically, qubit calculation is quite an easy thing. The qubit looks a little bit atom where hills are one and valleys are zeros. 

The system must use so-called complex numbers to calculate those energy valleys and hills in the 3D structure. Those complex numbers can have many imaginal sequences. Qubit with 56 states requires a minimum of 56 imaginal sequences. The system must also calculate the angles of those energy valleys and hills. And the system must drive data to the qubit in the form. That the computer can handle it.  That requires lots of accuracy. 

So, quantum computers are very powerful tools but there is a point of complexity where the quantum computer beats the binary computer. The quantum computer must adjust the qubit and then drive information into it. That takes a little bit of time. And this is the reason that the binary computer is the best tool for simple calculations. In quite simple hacking the morphing neural network can also make the code breaking very effective. 

The algorithm that encrypts data should be more complicated than just an ASCII mark that is multiplicated using a prime number. The morphing neural network can begin the prime number series at multiple points. The system that can calculate those prime numbers can destroy the data security that is based on too simple models. 

Quantum computers can involve a new layer to the morphing neural networks. The quantum computer requires massive support systems that can control its qubits. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-56-qubit-quantum-computer-just-did-what-no-supercomputer-can/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function

The new 3D-printed robots are a cheap and effective way to make robots.

The new 3D-printed robots have no electricity. They use pneumatic chips to control their movements. Those robots can operate in high-power nuclear radiation. Those pneumatic microchips or "pressure computers" are tools that are also immune to the ECM systems. 

So, they can also have their place in the military world. The difference between those non-electric robots and other robots is that. The 3D printer can make those robots on the desk. 

All robots are not like Atlas. Atlas is a very complicated version of robots. The other versions are cheap and easy-to-produce robots that involve maybe only one sensor. Or the outside operator can control those robots. Using remote control. If there are only a few actions that the robot must make. 

Remotely controlled robots must be at the right point. After the controller finds the right place. The robot gets the order to begin that operation.

That means those robots have only two movements. The travel mode can be swimming in a certain direction. When the robot is at the right point, the system can start to make things like clean water. That can happen by pumping water through active carbon filters and UV lights. Those robots that can clean swimming pools or some other things can be simple small submarines. There are tube, filter, and pumping systems that can remove garbage and chemicals from the swimming pools. 

The idea is that those robots are easy to make using 3D printers. New, cheap pocket-sized PCs can operate as their central units. 

The 3D printer can make any kind of robot. And robot parts. The system requires only CAD images that it can turn into physical systems using 3D printers. 

So those systems can use Rasberry computers as central units. They can make complicated missions. The same robot that can clean swimming pools can also collect samples from things like underground lakes and rivers. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/us-team-makes-3d-printed-robot

New diamond qubits are game-changing.

"The diamond quantum chip used in this research. Credit: QuTech" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

"Scientists at QuTech have achieved a major milestone in quantum computing by creating highly precise quantum gates on a diamond chip, hitting error rates as low as 0.001%." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

"By using ultra-pure diamonds and advanced gate designs, the team overcame key challenges that have limited previous approaches. These precise gates passed rigorous testing with long sequences of operations, marking a significant step toward building scalable quantum computers." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

The problem with quantum computers is the gate that controls the information flow. The qubit can involve at the same time multiple zeros and ones. When the quantum computer loads information to qubits we can think this thing is similar to the cases where the system spray paints that information to the qubit. But in that case, the system makes the 3D structure like a globe. There the mountains and hills are the zeros and ones. 

Diamond qubits make quantum computers more effective. The prime question in those systems is how to stabilize that qubit. The qubit makes quantum entanglement between two photons. And then, it starts to make data transmission between those photons. Another promising thing to make qubits is neutrons. Neutrons are bipolar particles with N/S polarity. And that makes those particles capable of operating as qubits. 

The system transmits information into the neutron's quantum field. That energy pike in the spin axle should transmit it forward. 

The problem is that the neutron is not slight enough. The main problem is to control the photon. And transmit data in it. It's possible to use diamonds. Or, nanodiamonds trap photons and then transmit information between those diamonds. In some other cases, the nanodiamonds can also use phonons to transmit information in the quantum computer. 

The nanodiamonds and phonons are tools. That can make so-called acoustic qubits possible. The acoustic qubits are like quantum organs. In that system, all nanodiamond pairs have different resonance frequencies. So each of those pairs has different impurities and different colors. 

The acoustic or phononic qubits can mimic human brains. The idea is that those nano-size diamonds act like neurons.  

One of the reasons. Why human brains are so effective is that those neurons are close to each other. 

In the same way. In acoustic quantum computers, those diamonds are close to each other. And they can be closed in the nanotubes. That protects the acoustic transmission. The system is like the radio-wave-based systems. There each radio frequency is one layer or state of the qubit. Those diamonds can also send information in the form of EM radiation. 

Those diamonds are in opposite graphene networks. Nanodiamonds are precisely opposite to each other. A laser beam forms the phonon into those diamonds. And then. That phonon transmits data between those layers and nanodiamonds. This is one vision of acoustic qubits. 

The acoustic qubit means. That there the atoms or some atomic or subatomic particles like protons and neutrons that move. 

There is the possibility. The acoustic qubit sends the proton or some other particle to the quantum channel. That particle can also carry data itself. In that model, the acoustic system just kicks the qubit forward. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-computing-breakthrough-achieved-with-diamond-qubits/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon

Mpempa-effect: why are hot systems cooler faster than cold systems?

"Researchers used thermomajorization theory to create a universal method for detecting the Mpemba effect, revealing it can occur across wide temperature ranges and may have broad scientific and technological applications. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,  Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)

"Scientists are uncovering the mysteries of the Mpemba effect."

The Mpemba effect, whereby hotter systems can cool faster than cooler ones under identical conditions, was first noted by Aristotle over 2,000 years ago. It was rediscovered in 1963 by Tanzanian student Erasto Mpemba, who observed the phenomenon while making ice cream during a school cooking class. Mpemba later co-authored a scientific paper with British physicist Denis Osborne, documenting the effect of water." ScitechDaily, Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)

When hot water releases its energy. It pushes air molecules stronger than cold water. Hot water affects more air molecules than hot water. That means more air molecules take the hot energy into them. That means those air molecules release more energy and energy travels in the air like a fractal. There is a situation in which when air molecules send that extra energy some of them will turn into lower energy levels than in the original situation. 

The simpler explanation is that air molecules start to travel faster if there is a hot object in the room. The hot or warm air statue that travels to the roof. Or out from the window on the roof leaving space to outcoming air molecules. When those air molecules travel through the mosquito nets they release their energy. That means the air molecules have a lower energy level and they pull energy out from the hot water faster than from cold water. So the cold water cannot form the thermal pump effect that cools the room. 

"Developing a universal criterion for measuring the Mpemba effect. Credit: Vu/KyotoU" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)

Hot water releases its energy faster than cold water. So that means fast traveling energy along with those air molecules can drop temperature faster than in cold water because energy travels slower out from that cold object. That doesn't form an energy pothole. 

Even Aristotle noticed that hot systems turn cold faster than cold systems. But what does that mean? When a system freezes. It releases its energy. Or the system transmits energy to another system. That other system must have a lower energy level than the transmitting side. Energy travels always from a higher to a lower energy level. So the hotter system is the energy hill. The lower system is like a valley, and energy travels there. But is the system hot or cold? 

Those things are relative. If the other system's temperature is near to another. That means the difference between energy levels is the thing that determines is another system cold or not. So when energy levels between systems are high that means the higher energy system forms higher energy hills. 

We can say that if the energy hill is very high. It releases energy faster than the low-energy hill. That means the differences between energy or temperature levels determine how fast energy travels to a lower energy level system. If the energy hill is high compared to a lower energy level system. 

That means. The energy hill slope is steeper than in low energy hill. And if we think. That energy is like water that flows out of the system at a higher speed than if the energy hill is low. The low-energy hill has a gentle slope and energy travels out from the hill slower. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-unravel-the-bizarre-physics-of-the-mpemba-effect/

 

Computer scientists published a new open-source operating system for quantum computers.

"The University of Osaka and partners have released OQTOPUS, an open-source OS for quantum computers, to streamline cloud integration and boost global quantum computing development." (SciTechDaily, Scientists Launch Open-Source Quantum Computer OS)

The new operating system should make quantum computer use easier. The problem with quantum systems is that they are extra layers for the massive binary computers and the morphing neural networks that observe and control those systems. The user uses those quantum computers through the binary computers. The binary computer beats quantum computers in easy and simple calculations. 

The system must adjust the qubit and make the superpositions and quantum entanglements before the quantum state is ready to use. The quantum computer is more powerful in cases where the system must handle same time billions of operations. The user can use quantum systems through the internet and things like large language models, LLM makes it easier to control those complex systems.

Computers are useless without operating systems. And quantum computers don't make exceptions. The computer requires an operating system, a layer that combines hardware and software. Any computer program in computer communicates with hardware through the operating system. There are four layers in operating systems. The upper layer communicates with the program. 

And a downer layer that communicates with microchips and their programs. The third layer is the microchips' control program. That program is loaded to read-only memory, ROM. The rest of the operating system is loaded into read-access memory, RAM. And we can see only that part of the operating system. The microchip control program has two layers. The upper layer interacts with the bottom of the operating systems. And the downer layer that controls the microchip's physical components. 

The software that controls microchips is loaded into those microchips in the factory. Without that program, the microprocessor is useless. That program is one of the biggest risks in the systems. If some electromagnetic radiation destroys that program, the microchip is useless. And if the computer involves some kind of "kill switch". That switch is in the microchip's ROM circuits. That program will erase those microchips' control programs and make the computer useless. 

The quantum computer requires operating systems that can control its qubits. The qubit bases in the superposition of the particles. The binary computer has positions zero or one. 

Unlike binary computers. The qubit can have the same time position zero and one. And this takes them slower. 

The problem with quantum computers is that they are enormous machines. Those machines require factory-size platforms. 

And the reason why they are so powerful is that they can perform many operations at the same time. This makes it effective in cases where the system must drive complicated algorithms. In simple calculations, the binary system beats the quantum computers. And in the simplest calculations. Like 2+2=4, the credit card calculator beats the computer. 

But it is possible to make even the simplest calculations very difficult if the system uses very long decimal numbers there are billions of numbers. The thing with quantum computers is that they are slower in simple calculations.  

But the thing is that the quantum computer is more effective when it must drive complicated algorithms and follow the enormous scale of entireties. The thing that takes time in quantum computers is that the system must adjust the qubit before it can start its operation. This is the reason why quantum computers are not worth using in simple calculations. The system can beat the binary computer in the calculations that take the rest of the universe's lifetime. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-launch-open-source-quantum-computer-os/

New nanoparticles can replace traditional medicines.

"New magnetic nanoparticles in the shape of a cube sandwiched between two pyramids represent a breakthrough for treating ovarian tumors and possibly other types of cancer. Credit: Parinaz Ghanbari

Oregon State University scientists have developed a highly efficient, uniquely shaped magnetic nanoparticle that could enable non-invasive, targeted heat-based cancer therapy for hard-to-reach tumors." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Unveil Cancer-Killing Nanoparticles Shaped Like Futuristic Cube-Pyramids)

The new nanoparticles are planned to kill cancer. They look like cube pyramids. And that is the new step to universal medicines that can kill both bacteria and cancer cells. The benefit of nanoparticles is that they are not toxic. Those nanoparticles can driven to the targeted cells. Then they can be activated by targeting EM or acoustic waves into them. Those waves can release some proteins or nano-strings. And when those particles made their mission. Magnets can collect them from blood. 

Those nanoparticles can boost cancer treatments. They are used with the system that sends radiation that heats tumors. That kind of metal particles can allow doctors to use lower radiation emissions. Or it can turn mostly harmless radio waves into a cancer treatment tool. 

The radiation heats those nanoparticles. And they can destroy tumor cells or bacteria and basils by that heat. Those metal particles can also open the road to new nanotechnical tools that can make traditional antibiotics old-fashioned. Some of them are is in the same technology that used in laundry powder. 

There is some kind of string or protein in the ball. When that ball slips into the cell. The enzymes in the cell open that ball, and then that nanostring or protein is released in the cell. That nanostring can turn open like a whip. And that cuts the cell's protein shell open. Or they can just fill the cell. Another tool is the fast-rotating particle that can create bubbles in the cells. 

Those particles start to rotate when some chemical stress activates their rotational movement. That thing makes those particles act like some nanotechnical moulinex. The idea is stolen from some primitive organisms like rodents. When some amoeba or basil eats that rodent it starts to rotate destroying the cell's internal structure.

The nanoparticles are not like regular medicines. Their effect is usually mechanic. In some visions, outcoming acoustic or electromagnetic waves cause resonation in those nanoparticles. And that thing destroys cancer and bacteria. The idea is this. Those nanoparticles resonate when they slip into the cell. And then that resonance sends waves into the cell. Those pressure waves destroy the cell's internal structures. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-unveil-cancer-killing-nanoparticles-shaped-like-futuristic-cube-pyramids/

New Chinese ramjet uses magnesium-burning afterburner.

"Chinese researchers have reportedly developed a new type of afterburner for scramjet engines that could achieve Mach 6 at altitudes of 98,425 feet (30 km). According to the team behind it, this was achieved by cleverly incorporating magnesium powder into the hot exhaust gases produced by burning conventional jet fuel." (Interesting Engineering, China’s magnesium-powered scramjet breakthrough nearly doubles thrust at Mach 6)

Chinese use magnesium in the engine's afterburner there the exhaust gas ignites it. The magnesium can also be delivered into the engine as the magnesium tape. That tape increases temperature similar way as the electric arcs increase temperature in electric jet engines. 

There is the possibility that the electric arcs along with the microwave systems can inject magnesium powder. That makes the system capable of using magnesium as its fuel in the entire engine. 

During the WWII. German researcher Dr. Alexander Lippisch invented a supersonic aircraft that used carbon as fuel. The idea was that the ramjet engine burn carbon powder as fuel. The problem with that Lippisch P.13a plane was that the particle size of the carbon was too big. It is sometimes suggested that gunpowder with very small particle sizes can also be an effective fuel for ramjet engines. 

"Model of Lippisch P13a at the Technik Museum Speyer"

"The solid-fuel powered P.13 was one of several distinct Lippisch design studies to be so designated and became identified as the P/13a. It underwent much the same variations of form as the P.12, being presented in a brochure with the large fin and integral raised cockpit, and with an articulated, double-hinged landing skid. The wing trailing edge is angled slightly forwards and the downturned tip surfaces have been discarded. The outer wing sections could be folded upwards for transportation by rail" The engine was successfully tested in Vienna.  (Wikipedia, Lippisch P.13a)

In hydrogen-powered jet planes, the hydrogen-producing unit or electrolytic system can be in the airplane.

The aircraft will fill its tanks with water. And then the electrolytic system will break those water molecules. The system can get that electricity from any electric source. So the operators must only connect the electric wire to the airplane. Or if those people have time they can cover their aircraft using solar panels that create needed electricity. 

Lippisch got that idea from the dust explosions where the dust with a large fire surface will detonate. Those dust explosions destroyed many mills. So the ramjet engines can theoretically use any powder as fuel. The carbon or molecular-size carbon powder can explode giving thrust. In fact, even wheat flour to give thrust if the size of the powder particles is small enough.  If we want to make a ramjet or scramjet engine that is carbon-free, we must use some fuels that don't involve carbon. 

So, the answer to that problem can be in metals like magnesium. Or metal compounds like electrons. If the particle size of the metal- or metal-iron oxide compound is small enough the system can spray that metal powder to the ramjet engine. The electron is a compound of magnesium and iron oxide. And that chemical compound can give very high thrust to the engine. Because fuel itself involves oxygen that system allows the ramjet to operate also outside the atmosphere. Magnesium powder can be a good alternative to normal hydrocarbon. Or, at least Chinese research that thing as fuel. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-team-develop-new-magnesium-afterburner?group=test_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippisch_P.13a

There is movement in the place where nothing should move.

"Schematic of an exciton surfing the moiré potential arising from a semiconductor material known as a transition metal dichalcogenide. Credit: Antonio Rossi" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Motion Where Physics Said There Should Be None)

 "A hidden quantum wave may keep particles moving, even when everything else freezes." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Motion Where Physics Said There Should Be None)

"Researchers discovered that phasons, a type of low-temperature quasiparticle found in crystal lattices, allow interlayer excitons to move, even at temperatures where motion is expected to stop." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Motion Where Physics Said There Should Be None)

"This finding advances fundamental understanding in materials science and could improve the stability of quantum technologies, including the potential use of excitons as qubits." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Motion Where Physics Said There Should Be None)

"The work was made possible by tools and expertise at the Imaging and Manipulation of Nanostructures facility at the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Motion Where Physics Said There Should Be None)

The zero kelvin or absolute zero is ( -273, 15 C). Liquid Helium freezes at that temperature.

At that temperature, all movement ends. That is also the energy minimum in the universe. Researchers reached absolute zero in the laboratory. 

The real universe is 3 degrees warmer. The cosmic background called 3K radiation rises its temperature. But there is the possibility that in these ultra-cold conditions is the movement. Ultra-cold quasiparticles called phases can keep moving even if everything else freezes. The phason forms energy flow on the lattice temperature is adore zero. The phason is like an energy droplet that flows on the layer. The reason why phason exists is in the Pauli exclusion principle. 

There are no two identical fermions in the system. So all particles in the system are a little bit different. And that causes energy flows in the system. Those energy flows can form things like small quasiparticles in the system. Normally those quasiparticles don't matter very much. But in absolute zero those particles have meaning. 

"A moiré pattern formed by two units of parallel lines, one unit rotated 5° clockwise relative to the other". (Wikipedia, Moiré pattern). Same way particles and their energy fields behave. That means there is always certain inaccuracy in all systems. That inaccuracy means that. No system can keep its energy forever. No object can move 100% of its energy to another. When energy travels from other particle to another it pushes the receiving particle. Even in the lowest energy levels, there is energy movement between particles. Energy travels between electrons and the atom's nucleus. Same way gluons between quarks transport energy inside the atom's core. 

The image above shows the Moiré potential. There are always energy peaks, and energy valleys even in the lowest energy materials. Those potential differences form when electrons orbit around the atom's core. And that means that all surfaces seem waving if we can see them using strong enough microscopes. 

Those things are important in the quantum technology. The ability to control those waves brings new tools for quantum technology. If those waves travel in one direction that allows them to move qubits like a ball that rides on those waves. 

The reason for that is that quarks and electrons that form material travel different distances through different quantum fields. So all those subatomic particles have a little bit different energy levels. And energy always travels to a lower energy point. Even if researchers try to remove energy from the system they are doomed to fail. 

One of the reasons for that is material is one energy form. When the shape of the universe changes that forms space between those particles. So the particle's energy field tries to fill that hole. Same way when electrons and other particles spin, that makes energy flow to the system. 

There is always movement in the material. Electrons orbit the atom's nucleus and that means they harness energy from the atom's core. At that temperature, the electron can impact another electron and from the energy flow between them. In the same way things like the universe's expansion cause material vaporization. And that causes energy flows even in absolute zero.  

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-motion-where-physics-said-there-should-be-none/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern«